Dysarthria and Aphasia
Definition
Dysarthrias or commonly known as Dysarthria, refers to a group of
speech problems where sounds may be slurred, and speech may be slow or
effortful. Noticeable changes in pitch, volume, and tempo of speech
occur. Speech can become nasal, and the voice can sound either breathy
or harsh.
Dysarthria occurs in both children and adults. Yorkston, Strand,
Miller, Hillel, and Smith (1993) found reduction in speaking rate to
be the strongest predictor of decrease in speech intelligibility.
Etiology
Dysarthria is related to neuromuscular diseases such as cerebral
palsy, Parkinson's, Lou Gehrig's disease, or later stages of multiple
sclerosis. It can also occur from stroke, brain injury, and tumors.
The exact speech problem that occurs depends on the part of the
nervous system that is affected. Degenerative disease due to the
effects of upper and lower motor neuron changes; the speech of
individuals with ALS is classified as mixed (spastic and flaccid)
dysarthria (Duffy, 1995).
A number of subsystems must work together, for speech to be clear. A
weakness in any of the systems or lack of coordination between systems
can result in dysarthria.
If the respiratory subsystem is fragile, then speech may be quiet and
formed one word at a time. If the laryngeal system is weak, speech may
be breathy, too quiet and slow. If the velopharyngeal subsystem is not
working, speech may sound too nasal or nasal sounds may be missing. If
the articulatory subsystem is not working, speech may sound slurred,
may have many errors and may be slow and labored.
Treatment
Treatment varies depending on the ...
... middle of paper ...
...(1995). Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential
diagnosis, and management. St. Louis: Mosby.
Glass, T.A., & Maddox, G.L. (1992). The quality and quantity of social
support: Stroke recovery as psycho-social transition. Social Science
and Medicine, 34: 1249-1261.
Wahrborg, P. (1991). Assessment and Management of Emotional and
Psychosocial Reactions to Brain Damage and Aphasia. San Diego:
Singular Press.
Yorkston, K. M., Miller, R. M., & Strand, E. A. (1995). Management of
speech and swallowing disorders in degenerative disease. Tucson, AZ:
Communication Skill Builders.
Yorkston, K. M., Strand, E., Miller, R., Hillel, A., & Smith, K.
(1993). Speech deterioration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:
Implications for the timing of intervention. Journal of Medical
Speech-Language Pathology, 1(1), 35-46.
There is no cure for ALS at this time and treatment is focused on management of the symptoms, involving a combination of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech, respiratory, and nutritional therapies. Moderate exercise may help maintain muscle strength and function. Drugs can also treat excessive saliva and drooling, and speech therapy can help compensate for loss of muscular control of the mouth. As the disease progresses and muscular degeneration spreads throughout the body, various devices may provide support, such as ankle braces, neck collars, reclining chairs, wheelchairs, and hospital beds. Respiratory support and feeding tubes are required when the person loses cont...
Neurodegeneration is used mainly for diseases that are characterised by progressive loss of structure and function of neurons. There are many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that...
The most common speech symptom is hypophonia which is reduced vocal loudness. Hypokinetic dysarthria often is associated with variables of pitch and loudness where a patient may be monopitch or exhibit monoloudness (Johnson & Adams, 2006). Speech movements ...
Too frequently dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia are clumped together and thought to be the same problem. In reality, the three issues are similar but also constitute many of their own distinct complications. Dyslexia is manifested not only in seeing letters backwards and upside down but is the inability to decipher sounds and letters or shapes. “Dyslexia reflects a deficiency in the processing of the distinctive linguistic units, called phonemes, that make up all spoken and written words.” (Shaywitz pg98) This makes it difficult for the child to sound out words phonetically to read fluently; they might also struggle with remembering
Dr. W. Pringle-Morgan originally described dyslexia as “congenital word blindness,” in that he had a patient who was normal in all learning aspects other than his pronounced inability to read (Morgan, 1896). In order to test the severity of the child’s deficiency, Dr. Morgan devised a simple test to determine reading/writing capabilities in the patient, noting from his results that the patient was incapable of writing words exactly as they were spoken, as well as not being able to recognize all but the simplest words from a text. Other skills tested (arithmetic and algebra) fell within acceptable ranges of capability, and no other obvious deficiencies or defects were present. It was speculated that the child suffered a congenital condition similar to that described in adults to be “word blindness,” as his “visual memory for recalling written words” was absent. Anecdotal evidence, provided by the patient’s father in regards to teaching his son the alphabet, indicated that the child did suffer from an inability to map symbols (letters) to his memory for recall.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a degenerative disease affecting the human nervous system. It is a deadly disease that cripples and kills its victims due to a breakdown in the body’s motor neurons. Motor neurons are nerve cells in the brainstem and spinal cord that control muscle contractions. In ALS, these neurons deteriorate to a point that all movement, including breathing, halts. Muscle weakness first develops in the muscles of body parts distant from the brain, such as the hands, and subsequently spreads through other muscle groups closer to the brain. Such early symptoms as this, however, can hardly be noticed.
Imagine if you loss control of your body but your mind stayed unaffected. You would be a prisoner in your own body, all leading up to your death sentence. That is the sad fate for the people diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). “Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder was first described by Ran in 1850. This description was then expanded in 1873 by Charcot, who emphasized the involvement of the corticospinal tracts. In the United States, ALS is often referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, after the famous ball player who was stricken by the disease in the midst of his career. (Yale School of Medicine, 2014)” In this paper will go through the definition, the process, the signs, the risk factors, etiology, and discus the known people that have suffered with this terminal disease.
Developmental dyslexia is classified as a learning disability, particularly focusing on impaired language-based learning. It is a syndrome with a neurological origin and it exists on a spectrum with varying in severity and symptoms. The neurological basis of dyslexia is not well understood, however, research has demonstrated its origin in the left perisylvian area. (Ramus 2003, Eden et al 2016) Children with dyslexia struggle with processing writing (orthography) and sound structure of words (phonology) of languages.
... and duration varies from person to person. It depends on multiple factors, including the age of diagnosis and other medical conditions. The signs and symptoms start with cognitive disturbance as all other forms of dementia begin. We should refrain from being prejudiced and judgmental because of not taking the time to truly understand this disorder and how it may affect one’s life. Education and patience are the best ways to tackle this issue. In this paper, relevant topics involving dementia were discussed. Part one covered the pathology and staging of dementia. Part two explained the most common types of dementia that many people are diagnosed with. Part three summarized the treatment methods used to manage the disorder. We should apply a professional, respectful, and empathic approach while maintaining specific culture traditions to achieve a successful outcome.
In the final stage of Alzheimer’s disease, the individual makes little or no effect at communication, and their verbal responses are limited, often one word or just a sound. You must continue to be attentive to how your patient communicates their needs and especially careful to communicate care and concern through touch, facial expression and tone of voice.
The intended purpose of the application paper is to introduce dyslexia, a neurologically based learning disability. The paper identifies the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dyslexia as a learning disability and provides a neurological basis for the disorder. Dyslexia is defined as a reading and writing disorder, unexplained by any deficits in learning motivation, intelligence or sensitivity. Dyslexia is a disorder that is found to have changes in parts of the brain as well as significant differences in DNA. With treatment and management dyslexia has the potential to be improved and allow the individual normal functioning reading and writing skills. Dyslexia is a learning disability with many complicated factors and symptoms that can cause an individual problems in their educational career.
"My most valuable tool is words, the words I can now use only with difficulty. My voice is debilitated - mute, a prisoner of a communication system damaged by a stroke that has robbed me of language," stated A. H. Raskins, one of approximately one million people in the United States who suffer from aphasia (1), a disorder which limits the comprehension and expression of language. It is an acquired impairment due to brain injury in the left cerebral hemisphere. The most common cause of aphasia is a stroke, but other causes are brain tumors, head injury, or other neuralgic illnesses. Of the estimated 400,000 strokes which occur a year, approximately 80,000 of those patients develop some form of aphasia (2). Another important observation is that within the United States, there are twice as many people with aphasia as there are individuals with Parkinson's disease (2). Yet, what is so astounding is the lack of public awareness about aphasia. Aphasia attacks an intricate part of a person's daily life - the simple act of communication and sharing. The disbursement of such a tool deprives an individual of education learned through their life, often leaving the ill fated feeling hopeless and alone. In considering the effects of aphasia, a deeper analysis of the two most common forms of aphasia will be examined: Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia. While both forms occur usually as a result of a stroke in the left hemisphere of the brain, their particular site of impairment produces different side effects in an individual's comprehension and speech. These regions have been further studied through experimental researches such as positron emission tomography (PET). Moreover, although there is currently no cure for the disorder, there are treatments and certain guidelines to follow when encountering an aphasic.
The clinical picture in dementia is very similar to delirium, except for the course. Delirium is an acute transitory disorder. By contrast Dementia is a long term progressive disorder (with the exception of the reversible dementias). The course of AD can range anywhere from 1.5 to 15 years with an average of about 8.1 years (Terry , 1988). AD is usually divided into three stages mild, moderate, and severe. Throughout these stages a specific sequence of cognitive deterioration is observed (Lezak, 1993). The mild stage begins with memory, attention, speed dependent activities, and abstract reasoning dysfunction. Also mild language impairments begin to surface. In the moderate stage, language deficits such as aphasia and apraxia become prominent. Dysfluency, paraphasias, and bizzare word combinations are common midstage speech defects. In the severe stage the patient is gradually reduced to a vegetative state. Speech becomes nonfluent, repetitive, and largely non-communicative. Auditory comprehension is exceedingly limited, with many patients displaying partial or complete mutism. Late in the course of the disease many neuropsychological functions can no longer be measured. Also primitive reflexes such as grasp and suck emerge. Death usually results from a disease such as pneumonia which overwhelms the limited vegetative functions of the patient.
Many people believe that dyslexia is a disease but there are a lot of things that people don’t know about such as, who it actually affects, what it is and what life is like with dyslexia. Statistics show that nearly 20% of the U.S. population is affected by dyslexia in some way. Dyslexia has been in existence for a very long time and even some of the smartest inventors were believed to have some form of dyslexia.
show’ and it is used by teacher in classes, which means that the child must