Leon Festinger, a psychologist from the 1900’s, became famous for his experimentation with the theory of cognitive dissonance. According to the theory, the human being has a habit of leaning towards uniformity in their mind about topics such as opinions and presumptions. Instead of reversing their beliefs, most people opt to change their actions; this is cognitive dissonance at work. Two main factors affect dissonance, which are the amount of opposing thoughts and the magnitude of those thoughts. Research has found there are three ways to amend dissonance in people’s brains: scale down the significance of the clashing thoughts, boost the amount of parallel beliefs, or reform the opposing notions so they all become analogous. Cognitive dissonance …show more content…
Debating thoughts cross their mind about what the right choice is: to move away and leave behind their perfect home or stay and attempt to ignore their awful neighbors. The novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, follows the story of a doctor named Henry Jekyll, who has a dual personality. He consequently creates an elixir that transforms him into his evil twin, Edward Hyde. Peter Fischer, Dieter Frey, Claudia Peus, and Andreas Kastenmüller’s The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: State of the Science and Directions for Future Research, a chapter from the book Clashes of Knowledge, discusses the topic of cognitive dissonance on a deeper level. The chapter Leon Festinger, by Stanley Schachter, explores the life of the famed psychologist and his experimentation with the theory of cognitive dissonance. Stevenson’s novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the chapter The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance by Fischer, Frey, Peus, and Kastenmüller, and Schachter’s chapter Leon Festinger, together prove the psychological force of cognitive dissonance is the cause of Henry Jekyll’s …show more content…
Festinger attended University of Iowa to complete his undergraduate studies and worked with a man named Kurt Lewin, a Gestalt and Field theorist, who greatly influenced his later work. Lewin’s pupils learned to convert psychology to have a larger focus on recognition, motivation, and comprehension, working with issues involving topics such as decision-making, aspirations, pressure, and countless others. Festinger shifted his focus to social psychology, and upon attaining his degree, worked at multiple universities including University of Iowa, University of Rochester, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Whilst at MIT, he was named one of America’s top ten most promising young scientists and later received many awards from countless institutions and programs. Festinger also began his work with the idea of cognitive dissonance there; in some ways this theory was an extension of his early opinions on the social stimuli of the interpretation of thoughts and skills. His hypothesis, simplified, said when there are two or more differences of opinion, stresses emerge to balance out the irregularities. Dissonance theory came about to try and and identify the source of these stresses. The theory was not a new idea per say, but Festinger explored and reached outside of the box more than anyone before him with innumberable tests and studies. These
One study done by Leon Festinger in 1957 demonstrates the desire to resolve cognitive dissonance. In this experiment, participants had to perform a series of extremely boring tasks, such as putting spools of thread into a box, dumping them out, and then putting them back in for half an hour and turning wooden knobs (that performed no action other than turning) quarter turns until they were all turned, and then starting back at the beginning and turning them all another quarter turn until the “end” of the study. After the participants were finished with their deliberately boring task, they were asked to lie to the next set of participants (actually just confederates) and were offered either one dollar or twenty dollars to tell them that the study was exciting and enjoyable. This task created cognitive dissonance, which can also occur when reading Science Fiction. After the participants lied, they were asked to honestly rate the task they performed. Surprisingly, the participants who were paid less rated the experiment more highly than those who were paid more. The explanation behind this is that the participants who were paid more cold justify their lie with the fact that they got twenty for it, thus resolving the cognitive dissonance. On
“Man is not truly one, but truly two” (Stevenson 104). Or so is the belief of Dr. Henry Jekyll in Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Jekyll came to this conclusion at a fairly young age after taking note that the desires he wished to indulge in were not widely accepted, and deciding that it would be best if he repressed these dark pleasures and instead lived only as his moral side. This decision created a great divide in the two selves of which Jekyll was made; neither side was any more or less a part of him, but his dark side, which later manifested itself as Mr. Edward Hyde, was hidden inside of him while the good and well accepted side, Dr. Henry Jekyll, was out on display. The man stayed like this until one day his curiosity got the best of him, and he decided to concoct a
It is a very different motivation from what psychologists are used to dealing with but, as we shall see, nonetheless powerful” (p. 3). A few different factors determine the amount of dissonance individuals experience, including the degree to which one’s belief systems deviate from the regularity. Different cognitions, or types of knowledge, determine the overall strength of dissonance, for instance cognitions, which are connected to personal beliefs and the self, tend to result in stronger dissonance. Furthermore, the relation between dissonance and consonance could also play a role in the degree of strength of dissonance: the greater the dissonance, the more pressure there is to reduce it and reach consonance. When cognitive dissonance occurs, it often results in a conflict between a “person’s two beliefs or a belief and an action” (Festinger 1957, p.), and it is influential to individuals’ actions and behaviors. When a conflict arises, there are different steps individuals take to reduce the consequent dissonance. Festinger suggest three key strategies to minimize cognitive dissonance: (i) changing a behavioral cognitive element, or the focus is put on more supportive cognitive elements that outweigh the dissonant behavior; (ii) changing the environmental cognitive element, or the importance of the conflicting belief is reduced, and (iii) adding new cognitive elements, or the conflicting belief is changed in order to be consistent with other
Cognitive dissonance makes it difficult for people to accept conflicting new ideas. Conflicting beliefs create discomfort
American social psychologist and original developer of the theory of Cognitive Dissonance Leon Festinger breaks down his theory into two main parts. First, the presence of dissonance, inconsistency or unpleasantness, will psychologically motivate a person to achieve consonance, consistency or pleasantness (Festinger 3). Psychologist Elliot Aronson, key researcher in the 20th century of this theory, expands on the definition of dissonance to be more straightforward. Dissonance occurs when a person holds two ideas, beliefs, or opinions at the same time that are contradictory with one and other. Part two of the theory states that a person will attempt to avoid situations or knowledge that would possibly or pro...
Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. There are three methods that dissonance can be condensed. Individuals can modify one or more of the beliefs, attitude, behaviors, and more, this way the connection between the two elements are in agreement with one another. Another method is to gather new information that will compensate the dissonant beliefs. The third method is to decrease the importance of the beliefs, attitudes, behavior, and etc. Dissonance theory does not say that these methods will work; only people in the state of cognitive dissonance will use these methods to condense the degree of their dissonance. Cognitive dissonance theory
Cognitive dissonance can be described as the feeling of discomfort resulting from holding two conflicting beliefs. It can also be said to be the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information. A well-known psychologist Leon Festinger (1919–89), introduced this concept in the late 1950s where he proved that, when confronted with challenging new information; most people are observed to preserve their current understanding of the world by rejecting or avoiding the new information or by convincing themselves that no conflict really exists in one way or the other (Festinger, 04).
The desire for consistency can go beyond rational thought or force a person to rationalize when things are out of line. People find comfort in knowing what to expect. When what is known and believed is challenged, people are disrupted and forced to make a decision on how to process conflicting information. To avoid the discomfort caused by cognitive dissonance, people may ignore opposing views, examine and change their views to maintain consistency with their actions or even seek reassurance (Defining Communication Theories, 2001).
lected Theory: Cognitive Dissonance is an objective communication theory created by Leon Festinger, a Stanford University social psychologist. Cognitive Dissonance is a conflicting mental state caused by discrepancy between two beliefs held by an individual. The more important the belief the stronger the dissonance. The strain caused by dissonance leads us to change our behavior or belief. Festinger says there are three different ways to reduce or avoid dissonance: selective exposure, postdecision dissonance, and minimal justification. Also, Festinger describes three different reasons for why one reduces dissonance. These reasons are self- consistency, personal responsibility for bad outcomes, and self- affirmation to dissipate dissonance.
“Humans are not a rational animal, but a rationalizing one” (“Class 20”). This was asserted by the much acclaimed, significant, and influential social psychologist Leon Festinger as referencing to his theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Social psychology is “a branch of psychology particularly concerned with understanding social behaviors such as” incentive and compliance (Sheehy). Festinger’s contributions to the social and cognitive branches of psychology as well psychology overall prove themselves worthy to today. This theory specifically challenged many common notions that were seemingly already accepted by behaviorists everywhere during his time (Tavris and Aronson). Its reality awakens its verifications. Consecutively, its “enormous motivational power” affects many on a daily basis (Tavris and Aronson). In the final analysis, the theory of Cognitive Dissonance by Leon Festinger is fundamental to behaviorism while directly changing the way human beings across the planet think and do.
In Robert Louis Stevenson’s, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dual nature of man is a recurring theme. Jekyll constantly struggles with good and evil, the expectations of Victorian society, and the differences between Lanyon and Jekyll.
Cognitive dissonance looks at the way people combat contradictions within their minds by actively seeking consistency. For his theory, Festinger refers to cognition as thought/mental processes and dissonance as inconsistency. His famous example is that of an addicted smoker who knows that smoking is detrimental to his or her health and is thus in conflict with his or her self. The main hypothesis of Festinger’s theory is comprised of two parts; Festinger wrote about the first part of his theory that "The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance," and described the second "When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce it, the person will actively avoid situations and information which would likely increase the dissonance" (Festinger, 1957). Festinger elaborates on the importance an individual places on reducing cognitive dissonance by discussing two essential factors: the value of the cognitions and the ratio of cognitions (Festinger, 1957). The former consists of the personal importance or value that the individual places on the opposing cognitions, resulting in either a minor or major dissonance. The latter consists of the proportion of the degre...
To summarize, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a metaphorical looking glass into the duality of human nature. In the words of Romeo and Juliet’s Friar Lawrence, “Two such opposèd kings encamp them still/ In man as well as herbs—grace and rude will” (II iii 28-29). In everyone, there is good and evil, a Jekyll and Hyde. The decision is who will be allowed to take control. Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel helps the reader to better understand the duality of human nature through Jekyll’s fascinating tale, and the true meaning behind the story that makes the reader sit back and reflect makes the story a timeless piece of literature.
The psychology of interpersonal relationships. New York: Wiley & Co. McLeod, S. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html Myers, D. G. (2011). Exploring the psychology of the human mind.
Others highly disapproved of Wundt's work, and many others also came under scrutiny by Wundt especially, if their theories were not of his school of thought. Due to this strong contemptuous approach, many of the existing ideas that bore great significance to psychology as we know it today were dismissed by Wundt.