Cryptographic Protocols for Electronic Voting
After some preliminary research into the subject of electronic voting [BARL2003], it became apparent that there may be reason to mistrust current electronic voting systems. Further, as I studied a variety of voting systems, I realized I had little confidence that any of them (even paper ballots) would be guaranteed to produce a perfectly accurate tally.
In my previous paper [BARL2003], I suggested the following definition: "An accurate voting system counts all valid votes with minimal processing error such that the intent of eligible voters is reflected in the final tally."
I believe it is important for a voting system to (a) minimize error, (b) count all valid votes, and (c) preserve the intent of eligible voters in the final tally. At least in theory, I believe that today's electronic voting systems are capable of counting votes with minimal processing error. Assuming that all parties involved in the process of creating an electronic voting machine perform ethically, and that enough time, money, and effort is expended to do the job correctly, it should be possible to create a system that processes each entry that was received by the system. However, even making those assumptions, it is not quite that simple. There may be many reasons that a valid entry is not received by the system. For example, voters may be confused by the systems and may not enter their selections into the machine they way they intended. The system may "crash" before reporting its results. An eligible voter may be denied access to voting machines during the election interval.
As far as I have been able to determine, the process for deciding the validity of a vote is subject to interpret...
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.../www.notablesoftware.com/Papers/1002evot.pdf
[MERC2003] Mercuri, Rebecca. Website on "Electronic Voting" last updated September 1, 2003.
http://www.notablesoftware.com/evote.html
[PFIT1996] Pfitzmann, Birgit. Digital Signature Schemes: General Framework and Fail-Stop Signatures; Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996.
[PITT2003] Pitt, William Rivers. "Electronic Voting: What You Need to Know," Interview with Rebecca Mercuri, Barbara Simons, and David Dill, October 20, 2003. http://truthout.org/docs_03/102003A.shtml
[RaRaNa] Ray, Indrajit and Ray, Indrakshi and Narasimhamurthi, Natarajan. "An Anonymous Electronic Voting Protocol for Voting Over the Internet." (Date of publication unknown.) http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/471417.html
[SCHN1996] Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C; John Wiley & Sons, New York 1996.
Upon this defectiveness of Electoral system, current system is failure the way it mislead results and misrepresent population. This system is being used to choose our president for a long time and it is hard to find a replacement for it, but little effective change in the system is possible. If that is done, that change may bring huge breakthrough to the way we Americans see election.
Digital democracy is closely linked with e-democracy, which is the idea of allowing people to use digital devices in order to cast their vote, which is said to have the potential to greatly increase electoral turnout by allowing some voters to vote using digital devices, which they wouldn’t have otherwise done with a traditional electoral system. However, it is important to understand that there is a severe danger of some sort of manipulations being done in order to influence the potential result of an election, through hacking or some sort of fraud. Overall, the idea of digital democracy will likely gain popularity with time as the ability of governments to provide secure ways of such e-voting to be
Hasen, Richard. "Voter Suppression's New Pretext." the New York Times 16 November 2013: A- 19. Print.
Primarily, one of the dominant and fundamental theoretical variances concerning Freud and Jung’s personality theories was that relating to their opposing notions regarding the unconscious human mind. Firstly, Freud understood that the centre of ones inhibited beliefs and distressing recollections was found in the unconscious mind. Freud stated that the human mind focuses on three constructs: namely the id, the ego and the super ego. He claimed that the id shaped ones unconscious energy. Freud said that it is not limited by ethics and morals, but as an alternative simply aims to fulfil ones desires. The id strives to keep with the “pleasure principle, which can be understood as a demand to take care of needs immediately.” (Boere) The next unconscious
In my original paper on Carl Gustav Jung, I took a rather skeptical view of the doctor and his work, for several reasons that I will reiterate. However, after studying further into his work, I realized that these objections only related to his early psychiatric cases, and I found myself to be far more intrigued and impressed by his later work and theories. While I had stated in my first consideration of Jung that, “there is a frustratingly limited, almost biased quality to much of… his work”, I was pleasantly surprised later on to find that many of his later theories and assumptions were anything but limited. I still believe that in his early case work he took tremendous risks, both clinically and professionally, yet it is that risk-taking aspect of his personality that ultimately allowed, or rather, propelled him to boldly go forward with some of his most groundbreaking and controversial contributions to the fields of psychology, and philosophy as well. It can even be said, and has been, that Dr. Jung is the father of modern “new-age” thinking. He also laid the groundwork for those who were inspired by his thoughts, perhaps much in the way that he himself was originally inspired by Freud. Once again, while my original opinion of Dr. Jung caused me to “wonder how much of Jung’s work was truly visionary, and how much of it benefits from a positive hindsight bias because of the successes he was able to achieve” in his early casework, I must say that my current opinion, early casework aside, is that Jung was in fact truly visionary, and was the originator of some of the most revolutionary conceptual thinking that the human experience has to offer.
Perhaps the greatest threat that FPTP poses to democracy is the appalling discrepancy between election results and the actual percentage of votes cast for each political party. In the FPTP syste...
The Web. 30 Mar. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id-.aspx#One>. Outside the Beltway. Doug Mataconis, 23 Aug. 2013.
The view of the unconscious between Jung and Freud vary in different aspects. These famous psychologists corresponded in 1906, then finally met in 1907 and became friends rather quickly after that. Freud thought of Jung as his disciple, but after the years went by their friendship declined due to irreconcilable differences in the theory of psychoanalysis. Jung deemed that Freud was fixated on aggression and sexuality being the motivating dynamic in his theories. He also thought that Freud was excessively negative towards the theory of the unconscious. Eventually, the two parted ways after Jung left the International Psychoanalytic Congress.
I was assured of false speculations of tampering with the voting machines and gained knowledge of what exactly happens during voting. The machines are read before and after each voting period. Votes are cleaned out at the beginning of each day and at the end of the day, the number of voters on the machine should match the number of voters marked in the system. Also, the votes are put onto a state-issued laptop that is not connected to the internet so hackers cannot access it. I am someone who is not quick to jump to speculation and accuse people or the government.
ColumbiaMission. 5 May 2009. 26 Sep. 2012. http://www.columbiamissourin.com/stories/2009/05/05/voter-id-ncessary-fair-elections. Schultheis, Emily.
Around 1913, Jung began to argue Freud's view that all complexes or dysfunctional patterns of behavior and emotion are created by sexual trauma (Myers, 2008). The relationship between Jung and Freud began to dissipate as Freud couldn't come to terms with Jung's erroneous interest in spiritualism and it's physical counterpart, parapsychology. Jung and Freud's relationship ultimately soured after the publication of Jung's Symbols of Transformation, which dove into the world of mythological symbols (Myers, 2008). In breaking free from Freud and psychoanalysis, Jung incorporated the idea of phenomenal representation to develop the fields of analytical and archetypal psychology (Kirsch, 2000; Schopenhauer, 1999).
Both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung are famous psychologists that focused on personality. These two men have defined and shaped psychology. In the beginning, Freud and Jung had a deep friendship and shared many ideas. After thirteen long years of working together, Jung developed several new theories and starts to disagree with Freud in certain areas in the field of psychology. Later, they have begun to develop their own individual ideas and drop their friendship. The three specific areas that Jung disagrees with Freud on being the unconscious mind, the role of sexuality and the subject of dreams.
They also disagreed on dreams. Freud believed that dreams are a person’s deepest desires (sexual). Jung believed that dreams could have different meanings and were based upon the individuals association. One of the biggest disagreements was on sex and sexuality.
As the new digital era has risen so has a new way of voting; online voting. Even though online voting is more convenient, lower cost, and quicker it could also lead to hackers stealing an entire election or an entire part of the voting public left out. The vote and voice of those without access to computers, persons living in poverty or those without technology knowledge will be missed.
Voting is the easiest and simplest way of public participation, as well as making the voters feel like they are directly involved in the process. Certain aspects, such as the Electoral College, eliminate this feeling of involvement. The best way for elections to work would be a nationwide popular vote. This would bring a meaning to the term “true democracy” and will get the people, as a whole, the chance to participate in electing the highest officials.