Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
The relationship between crime and poverty
The birth of criminology
Pre- classical theory of criminology
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: The relationship between crime and poverty
inology is the sociological study of, crime, criminals, and the punishment of criminals. Therefore, understanding criminology in the past, present, and future is extremely important to prevent further crimes from occurring. This paper will review new laws and organizations, which have been created since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The paper will also review of specific crime fighting methods for preventing future criminals entering the United States and future crimes from occurring on American soil, social policies, evolving technologies, and how the technology is affecting society, and the future of crime fighting within the United States. Specific crime fighting methods After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks the biometric community has made vast technological improvements in protecting the United States and its borders (The Biometric Consortium, 2012). Biometrics is an automated method of recognizing an individual based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Biometrics includes features such as face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, …show more content…
This theory tries to explain why there is a surge of crimes in the lower classes and poorer communities because they are trying to keep up with the majority of society. These individuals do not care if they have to break the law in order to get more means to stay even or somewhat even with the rest of society, just as long as they get it. It is the “strain” that individuals are put under that causes them to commit crimes in order to fit in with society. In most of these cases anger seems to play a big role, being frustrated not being able to compete against others that had a fair chance in life. (Robert Agnew’s Strain Theory, n.d.) They almost feel justified in the crimes that they commit because they feel as though society has pushed them to the point of no
9. Sherman L., Gottfredson D., MacKenzie D., Eck J., Reuter P., Bushway S. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. A Report to the United States Congress. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1997.
With all the tools and technology that is at the disposal of crime analysts it gives one hope that one day crime can be suppressed. There is so much more out there that can be covered and reviewed by others that can be held responsible for helping make the United States a safer country, but then again the paper would probably be twenty pages long. Computer, data bases, computer aided dispatch and geographical information systems are important tools to normal everyday people and are mastered by the analysts that use them every day to combat crime.
Conformity is following standards and doing what everyone else, more seeing as a follower. Innovation is doing things that are not approved in society but still doing them to achieve goals. For instance, selling drugs or stealing to have money to continue achieving their goals. Ritualism is a sense of being modest and humble. Retreatism: is to reject the cultural goals and means and finding a way to escape from it. Rebellion is to reject the cultural goals and means then work to replace them. In the Merton’s strain theory one of the strength is that it is able to explain the different types of criminal and noncriminal responses to strain. Evidence that support the strain theory can be Philip Bourgeois when he said that even the most despised criminals have become successful in life and that is exactly what happened with Nathan McCall, from going to prison and then landing a career in the Washington Post, shows that anyone can live to the American Dream. Evaluation of strain theory Marxists says that lack of equality opporunties are at the heart of the Capitalist system and that there is not enough evidence to explain who will commit crimes or not. Not everyone who is lacking from oppurnities turn to crimes to
This report will be looking at these advancements as well as my thoughts on them. Improvements in security were developed on the basis of biometrics. Biometrics refers to the authentication techniques that rely on measurable characteristics that can be automatically checked. Biometric techniques are divided into physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physiological characteristics include: the finger, palm, the face, and the retina and iris of the eye.
Choosing the right criminal defense firm to represent you when you are charged with a criminal defense can be hard. When you are charged with a criminal defense, it means that you have breached common law and it is the government that is bringing the legal action against you. When you are accused of a criminal crime, you could face penalties that range from a fine to going to jail or prison. In some cases, you could even lose your life if convicted. Some examples of criminal offenses can include:
In order to understand any phenomenon, the underlying causes must first be uncovered to display all of the possible reasons for such an occurrence. It is by using this assumption that the following measure will be introduced, relying specifically on Robert Merton's Strain Theory. Strain theory purports that an individual(of lower class status) is lured into delinquent behaviour and gang membership when he/she lacks the legitimate means of acquiring material possessions characteristic of the middle class , and therefore chooses illegitimate means of doing so. Merton emphasises that strain occurs as there is a barrier between cultural goals and the means of actually obtaining them. Other contributors to strain theory were Albert Cohen, Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin. These theorists highlighted that individuals are socialised to have high expectations but they are not afforded the conventional educational and occupational opportunities to meet these expectations. Therefore, unconventional means of obtaining necessities may appear more efficient and may be manifested in the form o...
Biometrics is methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Some of the features measured in biometrics identification that I will include in this paper are: fingerprints, retina, face, signature, and voice scans. Biometric technologies are quickly becoming the foundation for a large array of highly secure identification and personal verification techniques. As the level of security and transaction fraud increases, the need for more secure identification and personal verification technologies also increases. Biometric-based solutions can provide for confidential financial transactions and personal data privacy. The need for biometrics can be found in federal, state, and local governments, in the military, and for commercial uses. Biometric security is already being applied in the areas of “Enterprise-wide network security infrastructures, government IDs, secure electronic banking, investing and other financial transactions, retail sales, law enforcement, and health and social services.” It is also important to know the uses of biometric security, which will be covered in detail in the later part of this paper.
Coined by Robert Merton, the theory postulates that criminal acts are the outcome of the strain placed upon people without the ability to achieve middle-class norms legally thus turning into illegitimate approaches. He argues that stress is caused by the gap between the set goals, and the approach of attaining them (Akers & Sellers, 2013). Merton asserts that both means and social goals are tailored to the norms of the middle class thus making it difficult for the lower level to achieve them. Individuals who cannot achieve societal goal legitimately have five adaptations: innovation, conformity, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. In conformity, people consent that they cannot attain the targets set by the society and continue to endeavor in the few opportunities to which they have access (Agnew, 2001). Rebellious individuals reject both the goals established by the community and the approved means as they strive for a new system to replace the old one (Akers & Sellers, 2013). Additionally, in retreatism, individuals defy the ways and goals whereas, in ritualism, the people accept means but are never able to reach goals and lastly innovation is when people use unconventional means in order to acquire culturally accepted
Crime is everywhere and it takes a special group or team of people to stop it, or make crime less tempting to do. The main job of police and security officers is to maintain justice, order and peace. In order to keep peace police officers must go through an academy that will prepare them for most situations that they will have to face later on in their career. Some situations require a more intense way to solve a problem such as using force or putting the perpetrator in fear so they will give in to what the police are asking. In some cases the peretrator(s) are too volatile or risky for the basic trained police officer, so the swat team must be used. The swat team unit or “special weapons and tactics” is a higher trained police force. It is a select group of officers that have been through more training and more experience than the average cop. Without the police or security civilians may not feel as safe as they do now when they are walking in the streets or going to a public event. For the people who want to be part of such a unit and are willing to put people before themselves will need to know what it takes to be a police officer.
Pratt, T. C., Gau, J. M., & Franklin, T. W. (2011). Key ideas in criminology and criminal justice. Los Angeles: SAGE.
There is a valid place for social theories such as the strain theory because, through understanding social factors which may put people at risk of committing crimes, actions directed towards alleviating the strain will result in prevention of crimes by removing some reasons the offender may have to commit the crime. The classical view of criminal behaviour which states criminal behaviour is a rational decision made by the criminal is, provided that the offender is capable of rational thought, indisputable and is the most convincing explanation of criminal behaviour. As a society then, we need to work towards making crime a more unattractive option. Relieving the strain is one way. Punishment is another. Punishment however is of dubious value if criminals believe the chances of being caught and or punished are minimal.
In conclusion, Biometrics is an extremely fascinating field. A field that is characterized by its highly technical ability of securing, recording and accessing systems and installations. It is even the prime choice for places that hold extremely sensitive information such as the FBI and various hospitals. It has even reached the general populace as a medium to use to access personal information and places. It is truly the wave of the future in the world of security technology.
The use of biometrics is not yet widespread and practical, as a technology it is still maturing. [9] Like any other technology, biometrics too has its own set of disadvantages. Since, this technology is comparatively younger to the preexisting technologies it has a long way to go in terms of gaining people’s trust in order to be implemented on a larger scale. One of the main disadvantages involved in the use of biometrics is its cost. Use of biometrics requires purchase of expensive and at times bulky machinery, which may require technical support for installation and maintenance. [8] Also, most biometric systems require people to be trained for use, further adding to the costs. The use of these devices also causes unnecessary delays in an individual’s schedule due to the overhead of being scanned for identification.
Biometrics is the measurement and statistical analysis of people's physical and behavioral characteristics. The technology is mainly used for identification and access control, or for identifying individuals that are under surveillance. The basic premise of biometric authentication is that everyone is unique and an individual can be identified by his or her intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. (The term "biometrics" is derived from the Greek words "bio" meaning life and "metric" meaning to measure.)
“The term -information security- means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction” (United States Code, 2008). In order to ensure the identity of who is trying to access the information, the concept of “Biometric Technology” has been developed in the last years. This essay will start explaining this concept and the characteristics of its development through the time. Then, the essay will offer a brief explanation of biometric systems operation and a description of different biometric systems developed until now. Finally, this research analyzes the current and future applications and the issues that surround it.