For this report, the purpose was to test all of the cranial nerves to develop a better understanding of where they are located, what actions they possess, and how they carry out those actions into one’s daily life. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves located in the human body. The first two pairs are attached and associated with the forebrain while the other ten pairs with the brain stem. Cranial nerves are exceedingly important when serving the head and neck along with cranial nerve X (Vagus) which assists in carrying out functions for the body inferior to the head and neck (Elaine & Hoehn, 2016). All cranial nerves are numbered with Roman Numerals and can either carry out a sensory function, motor function or both. Sensory nerves are afferent …show more content…
For cranial nerve (CN) I, four different substances were used to test the subjects sense of smell. Through alternating nostrils ten centimeters away from the subjects face, coffee beans, vanilla extract and alcohol were asked to be identified without looking. For CN II, two different tests were done. For the first test, Subject 2 stood twenty feet from a Snellen chart. The subject alternated covering one eye and reading the letters on the chart as far down as they could starting from the top. This was done standing parallel and perpendicular to the chart. The second test was for peripheral vision. From about two feet away from the subject, a pen was held from above, below, to the left, and to the right of the subject’s eyesight where it could not be seen. The pen was moved towards the subjects face and the subject had to say when they saw the pen while staring straight ahead. The angle was measured and recorded (College, …show more content…
The subject stared straight ahead and then moved their eyes left and right while symmetry and smoothness of the eyes was observed. For the facial nerve (CN VII), motor and sensory functions were tested. For motor, the subject was asked to do a series of facial movements. Symmetry of the muscles on the subjects face was observed as they smiled, frowned, tightly closed their eyes, puckered their lips, and wrinkled their forehead. For sensory, the subject closed their eyes and protruded their tongue. On the anterior right side of their tongue a few drops of sugar and salt were placed and they were asked to identify the solution. This was done again on the left side (College,
Tape Flashlight Cotton swab Tuning fork Tongue depressor Ruler. Procedure- I did a series of behavior tests on my partner Jazmine Cooley to test her cranial nerves functions; I started with her olfactory nerve, I told her to close her eyes and I placed the container of substance under her nose, I told her to inhale through one of her nostrils and then I did the same procedure with her other nostril. Next, I tested Jazmine’s optic nerve, which we walked over to the standardized eye chart and I told her to close her right eye so she could use her left eye to do the vision test. I also used a ruler to point at each letter as she read out loud what letter she could see.
Rowland, Lewis P. (ed.): Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, eighth edition. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, 1959, pp. 630--631.
2011). This hypothesis was put to the test by Pelchat et al. in 2011, who had volunteers donate both regular urine and asparagus urine, then presented the volunteers with samples of urine from all the volunteers to see whether or not they could detect the scent in the samples, of not just their own urine but in others as well. The results of this experiment revealed that six percent of the volunteers were unable to detect the asparagus odor in the urine samples, which highly suggests that there is an anosmia present for the asparagus odor. However, these results do not prove the anosmia because the urine samples used contained varying amounts of the sulfurous compounds meaning that some of the samples could have had ample amounts of the sulfur molecules while other samples could have had lesser amounts making it either easier or more difficult for the different subject’s to perceive the odor. Much like the experiment conducted by Lison et al. in 1980 this experiment really just proved that at varying concentrations different people can smell the odor. It did not present clear cut data that proved whether there really are “smellers” and “nonsmellers.”
Jones, D. H. (2006-2010). Chapter 3: The Nervous System and the Brain. Retrieved from http://www.nasalspecific.com/nasalspecific_011.htm
...lution tasted as compared with pervious testing due to no prior documentation. This test also did not consider the amount of time it took for R2 to taste the solutions. Furthermore, this experiment does not test injury or defect in the brain that may effect the functioning of the facial nerve, but not actually be an issue with the nerve itself. While the hypothesis was substantiated for both subjects, more long term assessment or re-testing is necessary to assuredly confirm both R1 and R2 have in tact facial nerve functioning.
Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology. 7th ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia: 1984. Walton, Sir John.
4 Gertz, D. Liebman’s Neuroanatomy Made Easy and Understandable. 7th ed. Austin, Tx: Pro-ed i
The purpose of this experiment is to compare the ability of students in tasting PTC. The hypothesis formulated for genotypes states that there is a significant difference between tasters and non- taster, with the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant difference between taster and non- taster. During the phenotypic observation two different hypothesis were formulated as well, there is significant difference between the three observed phenotype and the null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference between the three phenotype. Through observation and calculation it is concluded that there is a significant difference between the Genotypes. On the other, there is no significant difference between the phenotype.
Watkins, Thayer. "Luca Turin's Theory of the Nature of the Sense of Smell." Luca Turin's Theory of the Nature of the Sense of Smell. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
...ally cynical about notions that are not physiologically observable, I am surprisingly excited by the idea of a neuromatrix and look forward to rethinking my pervious understandings of the nervous system's workings. It may be interesting to see how the I-function is involved with this process and why pain treatments such as biofeedback have been known to produce positive results.
True saccadic testing must contain a randomly moving target, the patient is instructed to look rapidly back and forth between two targets accurately while keeping the head still, the targets could be light on the light bar or points on the wall. The target placed 10 degrees away from the center gaze and the examiner will assess the eye's capability to rapidly shift the point of visual fixation. It requires the patient to fixate at a point for certain seconds, then rapidly switch to another point and fixate for certain seconds and it recorded for minimally 30
Sensation refers to the process of sensing what is around us in our environment by using our five senses, which are touching, smell, taste, sound and sight. Sensation occurs when one or more of the various sense organs received a stimulus. By receiving the stimulus, it will cause a mental or physical response. It starts in the sensory receptor, which are specialized cells that convert the stimulus to an electric impulse which makes it ready for the brain to use this information and this is the passive process. After this process, the perception comes into play of the active process. Perception is the process that selects the information, organize it and interpret that information.
Paramedics are frequently presented with neurological emergencies in the pre-hospital environment. Neurological emergencies include conditions such as, strokes, head or spinal injuries. To ensure the effective management of neurological emergencies an appropriate and timely neurological assessment is essential. Several factors are associated with the effectiveness and appropriateness of neurological assessments within the pre-hospital setting. Some examples include, variable clinical presentations, difficulty undertaking investigations, and the requirement for rapid management and transportation decisions (Lima & Maranhão-Filho, 2012; Middleton et al., 2012; Minardi & Crocco, 2009; Stocchetti et al., 2004; Yanagawa & Miyawaki, 2012). Through a review of current literature, the applicability and transferability of a neurological assessment within the pre-hospital clinical environment is critiqued. Blumenfeld (2010) describes the neurological assessment as an important analytical tool that evaluates the functionality of an individual’s nervous system. Blumenfeld (2010) dissected and evaluated the neurological assessment into six functional components, mental status, cranial nerves, motor exam, reflexes, co-ordination and gait, and a sensory examination.
Visual perception and visual sensation are both interactive processes, although there is a significant difference between the two processes. Sensation is defined as the stimulation of sense organs Visual sensation is a physiological process which means that it is the same for everyone. We absorb energy such as electro magnetic energy (light) or sound waves by sensory organs such as eyes. This energy is then transduced into electro chemical energy by the cones and rods (receptor cells) in the retina. There are four main stages of sensation. Sensation involves detection of stimuli incoming from the surrounding world, registering of the stimulus by the receptor cells, transduction or changing of the stimulus energy to an electric nerve impulse, and then finally the transmission of that electrical impulse into the brain. Our brain then perceives what the information is. Hence perception is defined as the selection, organisation and interpretation of that sensory input.
Miller, Kenneth R., and Joseph S. Levine. "The Nervous System." Miller & Levine Biology. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012. 894-917. Print.