Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) was first described in 1900 by Dejerine and Thomas. OPCA is a group of dominant inheritance and sporadic neurological disorders characterized by a chronic, progressive, cerebellar ataxia that begins in middle age. The cerebellum and its connections are the primary sites of the disease in chronic progressive disorders that often occur in familial or hereditary patterns. Postmortem studies indicate an atrophy of the cerebellum, pons, and inferior olives. This neuropathological neuronal cell loss permits classification of OPCA as a non-Alzheimer’s neurodegenerative illness.
Gross postmortem inspection of the brains of patients with OPCA shows marked shrinkage of the ventral half of the pons, and disappearance of the olivary eminence on the ventral surface of the medulla. These brains also exhibit an atrophy of the cerebellum with degeneration of the middle cerebellar peduncles, and to a lesser extent, of the inferior peduncles. Thus, the cerebellum suffers mainly through atrophy of its afferent fibers. The neocerebellum and the olive undergo the primary degeneration. The purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex are affected secondarily.
Histological examination shows severe degeneration of Purkinje cells, reduction in the number of cells in the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellar cortex, severe loss of the number of cells in the pontine nuclei and olives, and demyelination of the middle cerebellar peduncle. The cerebellar nuclei are well preserved. The tegmentum of the pons, the corticospinal tracts, and the restiform body are also usually unaffected. In clinical cases involving extrapyramidal symptoms, degenerative changes in the striatum, espec...
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Currently Dr. Correia is a Neuropsychologist at the Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center. At Brown University, he is the Neuropsychology Intern Track Coordinator, the Director of the Neuropsychology Grant Writing Seminar and works in the MRI research Facility. He is the Assistant Director at the Neuroimaging Center at Butler Hospital and is also in the Imaging Core Executive Committee there.
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... artists of Impressionism were Renoir, Morisot, Sisley, Monet, Pissarro and Seurat. Seurat once said that the colors of the Impressionist artists were “mixed by viewer’s eyes rather than artist’s palette” (Usborne 90), meaning that all the colors in the painting were mixed together in the viewers eyes to create what they saw. Also consisting of sudden poses and unusual points of view, the Impressionist period was one of the most famous periods of the arts.
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In 1906, Dr. Alois Alzheimer discovered a “peculiar disease”. Dr. Alzheimer was an expert in linking symptoms to microscopic brain changes. Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of Auguste D., a patient who had died of an unusual mental disease. Her symptoms ranged from memory loss to unpredictable behavior. Afte...
3)Parobek, Virginia M."Distinguishing conversion disorder from neurologic impairment".Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 04/97. Volume 29. Number 2. p. 128.
Impressionism grew out of and followed immediately after the Barbizon school. A distinctive feature of the work of the Impressionists was the application of paint in touches of mostly pure colour rather than blended; their pictures appeared more luminous and colourful even than the work of Delacroix, from whom they had learned the technique. To the modern eye, the accepted paintings of the salon artists of the day seem pale and dull.
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One public figure that uses defense mechanisms to deal with issues is President Barack Obama. Denial is a defense mechanism that is used by the President. An example of this is the current immigration problem in the United States. Immigration was an issue when the President took office and it is still an issue now. He doesn’t acknowledge the problem. He refuses to accept reality that it is an issue. Another situation is Whitney’s denial of having a drug problem. Whitney did drugs for years but denied being addicted to drugs. Despite the fact that Whitney had heart disease and a hole in her septum she continued to abuse drugs and alcohol. Repression can be seen in Chris Brown, who observed domestic violence and was abused by his stepfather. According to Miller (2009), in 2007 Chris Brown revealed he had a history with abuse (Miller, 2009). Displacement can be seen at basketball games with LaBron getting angry at a call made by the referee and instead of saying something to the referee he would take his frustration out on the chairs and lash out at his fellow team mates. Another example of displacement is Kanya West disrespecting Taylor Swift at the MTV Awards. Kanya took his frustration out on Taylor, even though he was angry with MTV. Taylor Swift was just the target that West used to vent his frustrations. Sublimation can be seen in Kobe Bryant, Bryant claims he
The word “challenging behavior” can evoke feelings of frustration, anger, hostility or sense of helplessness in any parent, teacher or caregiver of a young child with behavioral challenges. Education.com (2006 - 2012) defines this term: as behavior that may impede with a child’s ability to learn, develop or play in a manner that is socially acceptable. They further define challenging behavior as behavior that could be potentially harmful to the child or others. This type of behavior in a young child, predisposes that child to social problems and academic failure (Klass, Guskin, and Thomas, 1995; Ritchie and Pohl, 1995). Marion (2011) defines challenging behavior as a stimulus that a child reacts poorly to, that in turn challenges the child’s parents or teachers to guide them in a positive manner. Current research indicates that children who have significant challenging behavior will have problems in school. They have issues with social skills, emotional control and language development. These insufficiencies contribute to the lack of skills to succeed in basic academic tasks such as reading (Coi, 1996). Traits that are often attributed to children who exhibit these traits are hyperactivity, inattentiveness and disruptive. Teachers are twice as likely to overlook them, ask them fewer questions and be low in positive responsiveness (Webster-Stratton & Herbert, 1994; Shonkoff and Phillips, 2000). Children with behavioral challenges face far greater difficulties with social and emotional development. Other children will tease and ridicule them, or reject them entirely. These experiences bruise a child’s self-esteem and confidence, they are left feeling depressed and isolated. Once a child accepts rejection, they fight or ...
Sullivan, S. J., Hammond-Tooke, G. D., Schneiders, A. G., Gray, A. R., & McCrory, P. (2012). The diagnostic accuracy of selected neurological tests. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 19. 423-427. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2011.09.011
An overarching issue that concerns all people due to its far-reaching implications is the subject of overpopulation. In the last two centuries, the global population has dramatically increased from 0.9 billion in 1800 to 7.6 billion in 2017. Some people may say growing population is beneficial since more people generates a bigger market and a bigger economy. On the other hand, the ramifications from dramatically increased population demonstrates the irrefutable negative facts on overpopulation. To understand the effects of overpopulation, it is imperative to explore its negative impacts on the environment, people’s lives, and the economy.