Copper is one of the best known elements, and studying its atomic structure aids in understanding why copper has the qualities it does: its fascinating characteristics are all predicted by its atomic structure.
All atoms are made of three subatomic particles called the proton, the neutron, and the electron. The proton is positively charged while electrons are negatively charged and neutrons have no charge. Protons and neutrons are large and heavy compared to the electron: both the proton and the neutron have a relative mass of 1, while the electron has a relative mass of 1/1836. The heavy protons are held together in a tiny area in the center of the atom called the nucleus. This means that most of the mass and all of the positive charge is found in a tiny area in the center of the atom. Because atoms are electrically neutral, the number of protons in the nucleus equals the number of electrons that exist in that atom. The number of protons an element has is that element’s atomic number. Copper has an atomic number of 29, so it has 29 protons and 29 electrons. Looking at the periodic table, there is a second number assigned to every element: the mass number. The mass number of an element is the number of protons the element has plus the number of neutrons the element has. Copper has a mass number of 63.55. Rounding up, this means that the number of neutrons copper has is 64 (mass number) minus 29 (protons), so it has 35 neutrons.
However, the mass number has a decimal place. This is due to the fact that the mass number is an average of all of the masses of the isotopes of an element, taking into account the abundances of each kind of isotope. Isotopes are atoms that have fewer or more neutrons than typical for that atom. Because...
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... shown in the shorthand 1s2 (s orbital level one, two electrons) 2s2 (s orbital level two, two electrons) 2p6 (p orbital level two, six electrons) 3s23p64s23d9. However, copper is unique in that to make the most stable and lowest energy configuration, one of the 4s electrons is brought into the 3d orbital. This makes its electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10. This configuration shows that the first, second, and third shell of copper is completely full, but the fourth shell is not filled. The s subshell is partially filled and the p subshell is completely empty. Because of the unpaired electron in the 4s subshell, copper is attracted to magnetic fields. This is called paramagnetism.
Copper’s unique characteristics are a result of its atomic structure. Knowing this atomic structure is a great aid in predicting how copper will behave in practical applications.
In World War II the soldiers used a jelly-like substance, called “red vet pet” to prevent themselves from the sun. Finally, Benjamin Green combined this substance with cocoa butter and coconut oil, which created the new line of Coppertone suntan cream. Coppertone has come a long way, to make their product better. As they changed the product, the advertisement changed over the years to appeal to the audience. Although both of these advertisements are being presented to get people to buy Coppertone, the modern day advertising is more appealing than 1944 advertisement; the modern day advertisement has a better focal point, action, general feeling and mood, selection of elements, and audience.
Purpose: The purpose of the lab was to perform a series of chemical reactions in order to transform copper within different reactions in order to start and end with solid brown copper.
The purpose of this lab was to to cycle solid copper through a series of chemical forms and return it to its original form. A specific quantity of copper undergo many types of reactions and went through its whole cycle, then returned to its solid copper to be weighted. We observed 5 chemical reactions involving copper which are: Redox reaction (which includes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed), double displacement reaction, precipitation reaction, decomposition reaction, and single displacement reaction.
The purpose of this lab is to determine the empirical formula of copper oxide (CuxOy) through a single-displacement reaction that extracts the copper (Cu) from the original compound. In order to do this, hydrochloric acid (HCl) was mixed in with solid CuxOy; the mixture was stirred until the CuxOy was totally dissolved in the solvent. Zinc (Zn) was then added to the solution as a way to enact a single displacement reaction in which Cu begin to form on the Zn; the Cu gets knocked off the Zn through gentle stirring. To isolate the Cu, the supernatant liquid was decanted and the Cu was then washed with first water then second, isopropyl alcohol. Once done, the hydrated Cu is transferred onto an evaporating dish where it was heated multiple times
Nowadays this element more active or used for infrastructures, electronics goods, and other services, this element also we call it a Dr. Copper element because of high levels of sense of Ph.D. economic benefits. Copper has 20 protons and electrons with the symbol of Cu. In 21 century the market of this element goes up to 20 million tons a year buy and sell in the world trades scale in three big cities in the world such as New York, London, and Shanghai. Cu more necessary for wire, electronics, and computer chips; Copper also helps us to away bacteria
Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery metal. The atomic weight of aluminum is 26.9815; the element melts at 660° C (1220° F), boils at 2467° C (4473° F), and has a specific gravity of 2.7. Aluminum is a strongly electropositive metal and extremely reactive. In contact with air, aluminum rapidly becomes covered with a tough, transparent layer of aluminum oxide that resists further corrosive action. For this reason, materials made of aluminum do not tarnish or rust. The metal reduces many other metallic compounds to their base metals. For example, when thermite (a mixture of powdered iron oxide and aluminum) is heated, the aluminum rapidly removes the oxygen from the iron; the heat of the reaction is sufficient to melt the iron. This phenomenon is used in the thermite process for welding iron .
Atoms are electrically neutral; the electrons that bear the negative charge are equal in number to the protons in the nucleus
The name comes from the Latin word alumen, for the mineral alum. The electron configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. The element looks solid at room temperature and is a classification of other metals. Its crystal structure is cubic. Aluminum is not an element found in nature, it is found in the earth’s crust which is 8.2 percent of it. Aluminum is obtained from rocks called bauxite. It is the most available element. In the beginning, scientist suspected it was in the earth’s crust. There were many chemists who produced aluminum. The very first was Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. Its color is silvery-white with a bluish tint. The element is soft but it becomes strong and hard when combined with other elements. The atomic number of it is 13, which means that the atom has 13 protons therefore 13 electrons. It has 14 neutrons. The atomic weight is 26.98154. The melting point is 660.37 degrees Celsius. The boiling point is 2467 degrees Celsius. As for the atomic structure, the element has three energy levels. The first has 2, the second has 8 and the third has 3.
The Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Aim Analyse and evaluate the quantity of Copper (Cu) metal deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables were changed. Results Voltage across Concentration of solution electrode 0.5M 1.0M 2.0M 2 5.0 10.6 19.5 4 10.5 19.8 40.3 6 14.3 26.0 60.2 8 15.2 40.4 80.3 10 15.0 40.2 99.6 12 15.1 40.0 117.0 Analysing/Conclusion The input variables in this experiment are; concentration of the solution and the voltage across the electrodes. The outcome is the amount of copper gained (measured in grams) at the electrodes. By analyzing the graph, we can see the rapid increase of weight gained for the 2.0 molar concentration as the gradient is steeper.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element (same atomic number) but with differing numbers of neutrons, different mass numbers.
Aluminum is one of a number of soft metals that scientists call "poor" metals. It can be shaped and twisted into any form. It can be rolled into thick plates for armored tanks or into thin foil for chewing gum wrappers. It may be drawn into a wire or made into cans. Aluminum is a generally popular metal because it does not rust and it resists wear from weather and chemicals. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is an element. Its atomic number is thirteen and its atomic weight is usually twenty-seven. Pure aluminum melts at 660.2ºC and boils at 2500ºC. Its density is 2.7 grams per cube centimeter. Aluminum is never found uncombined in nature. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is a very useful metal that is light, easy to shape and can be strong. This makes aluminum one of the most used metals in the world, right behind iron and steel. (Geary, 185) In its pure state, aluminum is quite weak compared to the other metals. However, its strength can be greatly increased by adding small amounts of alloying elements, heat-treating, or cold working. Only a small percentage of aluminum is used in its pure form. It is made into such items as electrical conductors, jewelry, and decorative trim for alliances and cars. A combination of the three techniques has produced aluminum alloys that, pound for pound, are stronger than structural steel. Some common metals used in alloys for aluminum are copper, magnesium and zinc.(Walker, 31) The added elements give the aluminum strength and other properties. (Newmark, 41) Aluminum is one of the lightest metals. It weighs about 168.5 pounds per cubic foot, about a third as much as steel which weighs 487 pounds per cubic foot. (Neely, 214) As a result, aluminum has replaced steel for many uses. For example, some ...
Metalloids are elements that share properties of both nonmetals and metals. They usually share physical properties with metals and chemical properties with nonmetals. Although they are not as good at conducting electricity and heat as metals, metalloids can still act as semiconductors; they can act as conductors in the right condition. Metalloids are solid at room temperature and are semiconductive. Being semiconductive means that, in the right conditions, metalloids can conduct heat and electricity. Because of their metallic physical properties, metalloids most commonly appear to be lustrous and brittle. Metalloids’ nonmetallic chemical properties allow metalloids to form alloys with metals and be weakly acidic. Metal-metalloid alloys such as pewter and Babbitt can be used in porcelain and electrical motors alongside other uses.
Gold, nothing can compare to this precious metal. A symbol of wealth and prosperity, it has been a value for explorers and adventurers and a lure for conquerors. Today it is vital to commerce and finance; popular in ornamentation, and increasing importance in technology.
Time - The longer time can let more copper ions from the anode to the cathode if the current are the same. There are still more factors which can affect the mass deposited during electroplating. 3). Distance between two electrodes - If the distance between the two electrodes is greater, the copper ions require to travel more from the anode to the cathode.
In chemistry, metals compose a great number of the periodic table elements. Each metal has its own characteristic mass,