The Adhunik Kal or modern period in Hindi poetry began in the middle of the nineteenth century. This period is of particular interest to scholars because it was from this time onwards that the Hindi poetry saw a change in the language as well as the themes. The standard Hindi dialect and khadi boli came to be used rather than braj bhasha. This was also the beginning of the incorporation of the element of realism in the Hindi poetry, which previously revolved around mythological, spiritual and religious themes. This period is further divided into four phases:
• Bharatendu Yuga or the Renaissance (1868-1893)
• Dwivedi Yug (1893-1918)
• Chhayavada Yug (1918-1937)
• Contemporary Period (1937 onwards)
However, the objective of this essay is to focus on a particular era. Therefore, I am going to focus on the contemporary period (Adhunuk Kal) of Hindi poetry. The reason to explicitly choose contemporary era of hindi poetry is to bring forth the different
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Those who acknowledged progressivism thought that literature of a certain period is a reflection of social processes happening at that point of time and ardently believed in the power of literature to mold the course of political events. The main purpose of Pragativada poets was to shift the focus of poetry from the romanticism of Chhayavada to the challenges of modern world. The poetry of this time was about the revolutionary struggle of people that sought to speak to their conscience against the exploiting classes. The most prominent personality of this movement was Sumitranandan Pant. Some of the other pragativadis were Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh, Bhagvati Charan Varma, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar and Narendra Sharma. The examples of pragativadi poems are “Kavi ki Chavi” by Bal Krisna Rav, “Nind Ke Badal” and “Yug Ki Ganga” by Kedarnath Agarwal, “Samadheni” by Ramadhari Singh Dinkar, “Swan Dhuli” and “Swarna Kiran” by Sumitranandan Pant
lust. To his Coy Mistress is a pure lust one even though in parts may
During the time period of the emancipation proclamation multiple black authors were becoming educated enough to write works of poetry. Such works have influenced and persuaded the minds of white people all over America to this very day. It also gave their own people a work of art to turn to for their own history. The poets have ventured into modern day eras also, and still have the same topics at hand. The main idea of these poetry pieces was on their ancestors in Africa but also of course of the modern problem of slavery. Langston Hughes was the first influential black poet. Lucille Clifton and Colleen McElroy are modern poets but is a black woman who has other views on slavery but also very similar looks on their historical past. All of the poets all mentioned their historical background in Africa. Langston Hughes, Lucille Clifton, and Colleen McElroy all wrote about their ancestors and of slavery, and some of the same references were of the rivers, and the connection between the people even though they are literally worlds apart; a difference between the poems was the desire for freedom and the freedom that was already existing in the modern day poetry of Lucille Clifton and Colleen McElroy.
In the Heian period, Japanese literature and prose was beginning to take shape, starting with things like the Man’yōshū and Kokinshū leading the way to taking poetry to the level of art. Ki no Tsurayuki said that he wanted to make Japanese poetry or waka a higher cultural thing to be enjoyed by the whole country and he succeeded. Poetry became wildly popular with people reciting and creating on the spot, whenever something struck their fancy or they felt that a poem would do the situation well. To consider yourself cultured, it was almost necessary to dabble in poetry as well.
The two texts No more boomerang and Municipal gum written by Kath Walker use language and poetry to construct similar representations of Australian indigenous culture and how invasion of the European force them to give up their culture and land. Both authors give negative representations and thoughts to the European civilized culture, which take over their aboriginal culture. In no more boomerang the author simply contrast difference between two culture and give us examples. It mention what they did before and after the invasion of European. In municipal gum, the author represent that European wants to control everything and change their identity, which affect their life in a negative way.
Modernism or modernist poetry refers to the time period where poems were written by various people between the 1890s and 1970s. Modernism poets have a lot of knowledge and their works reflect it. The Era of modernism brought on modern language as it referred to thought, practice or someone’s character. This brought on a lot of change in the world. The thought behind the thinking of modernist poets were that of individualism. The modern movement came about as the result of the industrial revolution. This was during a time were most people were moving out of the rural farm areas and began moving into cities around more people. The advancement in technology also played a big part in the modern movement. During this time new factories were being built, communication and technology became likely amongst people. Modernism can refer to not only literature but also to music, art and architecture to name a few. The goal of modernism was to attract the human mind, in so many words. Modern which definition in so many words means “current”, related to the current situations of the world during this time.
One must examine the work as a reactionary piece to the issues of the time period it was written in, while insuring that it carries along the ideals it intends to redefine, without question. Works Cited Ramazani, Jahan. Richard Ellmann, Robert O’Clair, ed. The Norton Anthology of Modern And Contemporary Poetry. Vol.
“In Pyaasa (1975), Vijay is a poor struggling poet and so, marginalized by society. In the beginning of the film, he rejects a prostitute Gulab and blames the national leaders who should be relieving the society of such misery. But at the end of the film, the marginalized hero walks out of the society holding the hands of the socially marginalized prostitute. Incidentally even in this film there is a hint of Gulab’s antecedents lying in the rich former history of tawaif: she is in fact, is the only person in the narrative who appreciates poetry for itself and not for some other
Recent years have witnessed a large number of Indian English fiction writers who have stunned the literary world with their works. The topics dealt with are contemporary and populist and the English is functional, communicative and unpretentious. Novels have always served as a guide, a beacon in a conflicting, chaotic world and continue to do so. A careful study of Indian English fiction writers show that there are two kinds of writers who contribute to the genre of novels: The first group of writers include those who are global Indians, the diasporic writers, who are Indians by birth but have lived abroad, so they see Indian problems and reality objectively. The second group of writers are those born and brought up in India, exposed to the attitudes, morale and values of the society. Hence their works focus on the various social problems of India like the plight of women, unemployment, poverty, class discrimination, social dogmas, rigid religious norms, inter caste marriages, breakdown of relationships etc.
Throughout the years the structure and flow of poems have evolved along with the rest of the world. In beginning eras, such as the Victorian age, poems were inartistic, traditional, and very structured. The poems of this time period mirrored the style of dress and general atmosphere exhibited during this era. During the Victorian age people wore very fancy, intricate, and modest clothing. These trends matched the proper, structured, and grammatically correct characteristics showcased in poems created during this time. In contrast, the modernist era is the complete opposite of the Victorian age. For example, the modernist era raised many unanswered questions and promoted a rebellious state of mind. Also, the modernist era contained shifts in perspective, voice, and tone. The change from the Victorian era to modernism occurred because of World War 1. After World War 1 many modernist writers were exposed to the
Blake uses imagery of blood of a soldier on the walls of the palace to
in Urdu Literature at that time ), asking her to get him back to India. After reading many of his works in both Hindi and English, I realised a lot of difference in the
In such a process, the poem goes under some either obligatory or optional changes, or as it is followed in this research, under some ideological changes in the “voice” underlying poetry.
Kubla Khan is a fascinating and exasperating poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (. Almost everyone who has read it, has been charmed by its magic. It must surely be true that no poem of comparable length in English or any other language has been the subject of so much critical commentary. Its fifty-four lines have spawned thousands of pages of discussion and analysis. Kubla Khan is the sole or a major subject in five book-length studies; close to 150 articles and book-chapters (doubtless I have missed some others) have been devoted exclusively to it; and brief notes and incidental comments on it are without number. Despite this deluge, however, there is no critical unanimity and very little agreement on a number of important issues connected with the poem: its date of composition, its "meaning", its sources in Coleridge's reading and observation of nature, its structural integrity (i.e. fragment versus complete poem), and its relationship to the Preface by which Coleridge introduced it on its first publication in 1816.
Allen, Charles. Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling. New York: Pegasus Books, 2009. Print.
John Keats is a well known English romantic poet of his time. His Writing is one of the most important, memorable, and creative poetry, yet like most creative work comes from bad life experience such as having family, education and financial trouble. Keats did not have an easy childhood growing up due to Keats life’s struggles ,which only made his writing more passionate by using his pain and childhood struggles to create a unique and eye opening style of writing with the use of imagery. Keats style of writing became more popular after his death in 1821. After Keats untimely death ,Percy Bysshe Shelley took interest in his life’s work and wanted to show that he defended and supported Keats style of writing against the other critical reviews Keats received. Shelley interest in Keats became a tribute to his work and death ,which was named “Adonais”.