Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Literature review on concrete
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Literature review on concrete
Literature review
Before proceed to predict concrete strength equation, it is essential to have a clear concept and understanding on concrete. Below are review of concrete compositions and some concrete properties.
1.1- Cement
C.Deepa et. al (2010) states that cement is made of a mixture of chalk or limestone together with clay. It contains adhesive and cohesive properties which allowing it to link mineral piece into a solid mass. Cement through chemical reaction (hydration) to form a hardened mass. Among different types of cement, Portland cement is the most commonly used as binding material in nowadays civil engineering. The name "Portland cement" was originated in a patent obtained by Joseph ASP din of Leeds, England in 1824.
1.2- Water
Water undertake two important roles in concrete mixture. The first one is to act chemical reaction with cement and carry out cement hydration. Second one is to make the concrete become smooth and workable. Water used in concrete mixture should be clean and free of organic matter, any clear, drink and fresh water is acceptable. Impure water should be avoided in use and amount of water must be control carefully as they will lead to undesirable effect on concrete strength.
1.3- Aggregate
Aggregate generally means the component of different size of
…show more content…
Concrete compressive strength is an important factor within the mechanical properties. In most building structures, concrete strength is used to resist compressive forces and support load act on the buildings. Compressive strength could be one of the basic measurement to review the overall quality of the concrete. Mindess et.al. (2003) states that water to cement ratio (w/c) has a great impact in the strength of the concrete. The higher the w/c, the lower the compressive strength. The lower the w/c, the higher the compressive
It is unknown when people first knew about calcium and when people used compounds of calcium. Limestone is a compound of calcium and Limestone was usually used for buildings. The common name for limestone is calcium carbonate. Early Greeks and ancient Egyptians used mortar which was made from heated limestone. It was named for its natural occurrence in limestone with was a common building material, which in itself is an oxide of calcium with the molecular formula being CaCO3. The Latin name for limestone being calx, hence
Many people go through tough struggles in their lives, but no one really sees it, and most of the time no one really cares. The Rose That Grew From Concrete was written by Tupac Shakur. In this poem the author uses conflict, the characters, and mood to illustrate that just because something shouldn’t happen doesn’t mean that it won’t happen.
According to major supplies, “Use of synthetic fibers for reinforcing concrete is continuously, increasing. The increase has been considerable since 1980, but slowed somewhat in 1990, a year of substantial construction cutbacks. Apparently the construction community believes there are advantages in the use of synthetic fibers in concrete.” (Schupack) Synthetic fibers are used to improve crack control in concrete. Some reports say that synthetic fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) would replace welded wire fabric in many slab-on-grade applications. But in reality if the welded wire fabric is placed properly it controls crack width better than the synthetic fiber reinforced concrete. In a case study of the use of synthetic fibers in reinforced concrete, the following conclusions were obtained. No matter what concrete placing job is being done, there is no substitute for good concrete practices. The use of a low fiber volume mix will help control plastic shrinkage cracks and bleeding, but not give good cracking control once the crack forms. The synthetic fibers running through a crack have a poor bond providing no shear friction. Impact and toughness tests on synthetic fiber reinforced concrete imply less edge spalling will occur. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) conducted two studies on polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete, one dealing with plastic shrinkage cracking and the other on permeability characteristics. Plastic shrinkage cracking occurs when the surface water on the concrete evaporates faster than the bleed water reaches the surface of the concrete. It was determined by the plastic shrinking cracking study that polypropylene fibers helped reduce the total plastic shrinkage crack area on test panels. Also determined is that the screeding rate affects the total crack area in polypropylene reinforced concrete, while finishing operations showed no significant effects. This study also suggests the use of longer fibers (about 0.75in.) will produce less crack area. “Permeability plays an important role in long-term durability of concrete materials. Permeability of concrete generally refers to the rate at which particular aggressive substances (water, sulfates, chloride ions, etc.) can flow through the concrete.” (Soroushian) As discussed in the plastic shrinkage study that polypropylene fibers reduce cracking. Less cracking in the concrete surface that surface would be less permeable. In the permeability study, they concentrated on the effects of chloride and the permeability of the concrete. The results of this study concluded polypropylene fibers had little effects on chloride permeability of concrete. The polypropylene fibers only help reduce plastic shrinkage cracks.
Concrete poetry presents its readers with a unique and often confounding situation. In addition to using language or parts of language in non-traditional ways, concrete poetry also uses elements that are more commonly associated with visual art. However, concrete poetry is not visual art. It is still concerned, primarily, with the use of language, generally to communicate some meaning to the reader in a way that is undeniably linguistic in nature. Concrete poetry is therefore an especially unique genre that draws upon and incorporates many different concepts from a variety of disciplines in order to fill in the gaps left when traditional grammar and syntax are eschewed.
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
Concrete Poem Room A single beam of sunlight enters my cozy room through a vacant space between the blinds. The two-inch, Vinyl window horizontal blinds rustle about in the breezy wind, the light flickers, lightning up the walls. The cracked plaster makes up the four walls, along with white paint that is somewhat covered in black smudges.
Concrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
Now a days HPC is expensive than conventional concrete. It require additional materials in some quantities as to meet specified performance.These additional materials are cement,silica fume,...
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. The reason for this is because concrete is strong, easy to make and can be molded into various shapes and sizes. Besides that, concrete is cheap, affordable and is readily mix.
Cement is a finely ground compound of limestone and clay or marl (Chandigarh, 2001). It is used in hydraulic binding since it hardens and binds together aggregates and becomes waterproof thereafter. The most popular use of sand is in building and construction where it is used to bind sand and gravel to obtain concrete used in constructing houses, roads, water channels, among others. Yanbu Cement company produces different types of cement such as Portland cement types I, II, III and IV.
Opus caementicium or Roman concrete is a synthetic construction substance that’s composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water. In Rome’s case, as discovered by UC Berkley with the extensive analysis of a sample of Roman concrete taken from a breakwater in Italy’s Pozzuoli Bay it was developed by using lime and volcanic rock which formed a mortar, the mortar and volcanic rock were then packed into wooden forms and when seawater was added a chemical reaction occurred, bonding everything together to create concrete (History, 2013). It is uncertain when Roman concrete was developed, but it was clearly in widespread and customary use from about 150 BC; some scholars believe it was developed a century before that.
...inclusion of fly ash resulted in the reduction in compressive strength of concrete specimen. It has also been reported that the reduction in the compressive strength of quarry dust concrete was compensated by inclusion of fly ash into the concrete mix. Reddy (2007) reported an increasing compressive strength by use of quarry rock flour as fine aggregate instead of river sand.
Water : Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to from the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of water are required to be looked into very carefully.
These are tanks constructed with blocks, either hollow or solid. Hollow blocks when used are usually filled with mortar to further reinforce it. Different sizes of blocks are used for tank construction; this could be 4” or 5” solid blocks, and 6” hollow blocks. Concrete tanks can take any shape, i.e rectangular, square and circular; hexagon, triangular, etc. To further reinforce the tank, 12mm rods can be installed at the four corners of the tank. Where two or three tanks are joined together, it is also advised that they are chained together to prevent them from collapsing as a result of the strength of static water body. For tanks that are not square or rectangular, the critical points are also reinforced with rods. The sizes also depend on the space available for use. Concrete tanks are easy to construct, strong, durable and easy to manage. The average depth for this tank is 1.2m and the water management system could be static renewal, flow through or re-circulatory. The yield here is also high.
Concrete is a product made by using a cementing medium; which is the reaction between hydraulic cement and water. Concrete is made with different types of cements that contain pozzolan, fly ash, blast furnace slag; as well as sulphur, admixtures, polymers and fibres. These concretes can be heated, pressured hydraulically and sprayed.