BIO 1500: Lab
Ta: Shelby
Pratyush Mahapatra
7/23/16
Plant types compare and contrast report
Bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are all plants and autotrophic in nutrition. Autotrophic means of or relating to organisms (as green plants) that can make complex organic nutritive compounds from simple inorganic sources by photosynthesis.
When mosses and liverworts first evolved, they dominated the terrestrial environment. But they were soon challenged by the more advanced tracheophytes. The ferns and "fern allies" formed the great planetary forests of the late Paleozoic. By the end of the Paleozoic, a new group of plants was challenging the 150 million-year domination of the ferns and fern allies. The seed plants protected the embryonic sporophyte from drying up by encasing it in a tough waterproof seed coat. The evolution of the seed is as profound a step as the evolution of the shelled egg in reptiles. Just as the evolution of the amniotic egg enabled reptiles to become the first truly
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The basic life cycle for all plants is sporophyte (adult) > spore > gametophyte > gamete > fertilization > sporophyte. For bryophytes, the gametophyte and the sporophyte phases are vastly different in structure; in moss the gametophyte looks like green fuzz, but its sporophyte is a hooded stalk. Seedless vascular plants are similar in that these phases are also very conspicuous, but to a lesser extent. Ferns, for example, have typical plant-like sporophytes (the leafy fronds everyone is familiar with), and its gametophyte stage is a tiny, heartshaped, leaf-like structure. The difference between bryophytes and seedless vascular plants however, is that seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue ("plumbing" for sugar and water transport), and bryophytes don't (water is absorbed directly through the surfaces of the
It is hypothesized that as plants in small spaces compete for space, the plants compensate by reducing individual stem weight and frequency of bud formation as density increases. This would be intraspecific competition. A factor is density-dependent when it kills more of a population at higher densities and less at lower densities (Stilling 2002). The factor of competition between individual plants of the same species would be considered density dependent.
A Norton Critical Edition, Second Edition ; ed. by Philip Appleman; copyright 1979, 1970 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Philip G. Fothergill, Historical Aspects of Organic Evolution, pub. 1953 by the Philosophical Library Inc., 15 East 40th Street, New York, NY.
In the early 1800’s, a new discovery that left paleontologists in awe was the fossil finding of the immeasurable amount of species of reptiles, Ichthyosaurs. Greek for “fish lizards”, these fossils were found all over the world. Because these large aquatic reptiles migrated just as whales do today, paleontologists have had the amazing advantage of collecting fascinating bone fragments throughout the past 177 years. Ichthyosaurs swam the ocean life from about 245 million until about 90 million years ago- approximately the same time dinosaurs ruled the land. The earliest Ichthyosaur fossil findings were in parts of Canada, China, Japan, and possibly Thailand. Countless fossils came from coatings of limestone produced out of the ocean-floor ooze that was predominantly superior at preserving very well facts of the creatures it digested (Perkins 2).
In the book, Where the Red Fern Grows, by Wilson Rawls, depicts an inspiring, young boy named Billy, who struggled with life’s complication. Billy was an ordinary boy who lived in the country. Although his family was not wealthy, he lived a content life. He grew up in the mountains of Ozarks in Oklahoma. The whole story took place years ago, perhaps in the mid 1900s. It was evident that Billy’s appreciation of the scenery of the environment around him proved that he loved the woods. As he grew up, he began to learn the complexity of life. Billy matures as he learns to accept suffering and to make sacrifices.
This gave rise to nonvascular plants like, mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. The second period of plant evolution began 425 million years ago was the diversification of plants with vascular tissue allowing plants to grow much taller and rise above the ground. The next period of plant evolution is the origin of seeds, about 360 million years ago. Seeds are embryos packed along with food in a protective covering. Last is flowering plants about 140 million years ago, which is seeds within protective chambers called ovaries. Animal evolution begins when an animals egg and sperm fuse, producing a zygote. The zygote splits by mitosis and forms an blastula, which usually is a hollow ball of cells. One side of the blastula folds in forming a gastrula, which develops into an embryo with a two-layered wall and an opening on one end. After the gastrula stage animals develop into
They ruled the world before the time of the dinosaurs, from the Cambrian Period to the
The plant life consist of big coniferous trees, mosses, lichens, and special flowers called the Indian Paintbrush. Other trees that are very common consist of the
The Burgess Shale Fauna is a fauna that was constructed based on a group of fossils that were initially found, in the Burgess Shale area in the Canadian Rockies (Gould, 1989). They are a very important group of fossils as “modern multicellular animals make their first unprotected appearance in the fossil record some 570 million years ago” through this group (Gould, 1989, pp. 24). Moreover the Burgess Shales are known to have preserved the soft parts of animals enabling us to get a better understanding of life at the time.
... Their attitude and tone is something that can be contrasted in the two stories.
Lignin is one of the key elements that allowed for plants to be able to evolve to a point where they were able to survive on land. Lignin is a macromolecule that serves to bind cellulose together and create strong structural support for plants. A plant’s ability to grow is especially limited by their strength, making lignin crucial for vascular plants. Plants lacking lignin are often non-vascular, and are less evolved than those plants with lignin present. Without lignin land plants would not be able to stand upright, which would interfere with many things necessary to plant growth, such as the conduction of sunlight as well as shade avoidance, or being able to grow out of lightless areas.
There are several theories about how the Cambrian Explosion started. There were major changes in marine environments and chemistry from the late Precambrian into the Cambrian, and these also may have impacted the rise of mineralized skeletons among previously soft-bodied organisms. One theory as to what happened is that oxygen in the atmosphere, with the contribution of photosy...
In the lab exercise regarding plant structure and function, we examined slides containing the different kinds of roots (monocot, dicot). We labeled the parts and pointed out the different roles of each in the plant structure. Also, we examined monocot stems and dicot stems in order to familiarize ourselves with its external and internal structures. We sketched and labeled the parts of the stem and looked closely at the positions of each part. In the last part of the lab, we classified leaves into different kinds according to their leaf venation, bases of leaves, and apices of leaves. As an additional exercise, we sketched 20 animals and classified them according to phylum and class. We were also able to discover the scientific and common names of the animals. Overall, the exercises we did enabled us to familiarize ourselves with plant structure thus, gaining a better understanding for plant life and its importance.
Before humans ever roamed the Earth, many unique and strange life forms roamed the Earth such as dinosaurs and gymnosperms. They learned how to adapt to the changing and an unstable atmosphere of the Earth before it became what it is today. At the same time, the plants were also quite a discovery in the fossil record. The plants grew immensely and were quite plentiful for the herbivorous that roamed the Earth. However, there was one particular group of plants that eventually took over as the leading plant in the Cretaceous, which were angiosperms. Theses angiosperms are unique plants that later evolved along with sauropods and other creatures in the Cretaceous period. These plants were also known as flowering plants that were considered as
The world we live in today is full of an exceptional variety of animals. The time it took to conclude to the various sorts of species seen today has been throughout a period of millions of years. The vast majority of these animals are accredited to evolutionary advancements. When the environment changes, organisms have become accustomed to changing to fit their environment, to ensure their species does not die off. These physical changes have resulted in different phyla, ranging from basic structures, like sponges to advance systems, like that of an octopus.