1. State your identified community need (as explained in your program rationale from Module 5)
The identified community need is “to reduce the adult smoking prevalence rate and exposure to second hand smoke in Brazos County (Bryan/College Station)”
2. Describe the priority population or populations for the health intervention.
The priority population this intervention aim to address is adults greater than 18 years old.
3. Select a theory to use as a guide in developing your program.
Community Readiness model
4. Name the theory and carefully explain how this theory and its constructs are fit to address this health issue. Media advocacy for smoke-free ordinances will begin with a community assessment using the Community Readiness Model utilized in similar interventions (Hahn, Rayens, and York
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What is this theory/model's level of influence (e.g. individual, interpersonal, community)
Community.
6. Defend why you think this particular theory, over other theories or models, would be the best theory to use.
I think this theory is the best to use because, the intervention is designed to effect a policy change to ban smoking in all public places in Brazos County including bars, restaurants and work places. Mass-media component will be used to drive policy change. Target audience are policy makers, organizations, smokers, and the whole community. With this in mind, a theory that will assess the community readiness to embrace this policy change should be used. The information gathered at this stage will be used to plan, implement and evaluate the intervention program.
References:
Hahn, E., Rayens, M., Butler, K., Zhang, M., Durbin, E., & Steinke, D. (2008). Smoke-Free Laws and Adult Smoking Prevalence. Preventive Medicine, 47, 206-209. Doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.009
Hahn, E. J., Rayens, M. K., & York, N. (2012). Readiness for smoke-free policy and overall strength of tobacco-control in rural tobacco-growing communities. Health Promotion
population had been used to gain acceptance and awareness of cigarette smoking, it was time to
Caring for the elderly is an activity that requires patience, willingness, due diligence and effective co-ordination of resources in order to optimally benefit the recipients. Community services and programs is one such avenue that caters for the elderly by providing for their mental, physical, social and emotional well-being, and by extension promotes a greater quality of life. Community services help meet the needs of the elderly and attract older people who face barriers to active living. One strong advocate of community based services and a program for the elderly is the American Association of Retired People (AARP) who relentlessly seeks to promote a healthy lifestyle for people 50 years and over.
Smoking tobacco in the cigarette form was extremely popular in the early part of the 20th century. Many people joined in the popular habit, got addicted, and had no fear of the future consequences or health concerns. Many people were under the impression that smoking was good for their bodies, and were unaware of the unhealthy side affects that cigarette smoking caused. Some famous people like Walt Disney, Ty Cobb, and Babe Ruth all were killed from their love of tobacco. Soon enough more and more cases of lung, throat, and mouth cancers began popping up all over the place, but people were reluctant to blame their beloved tobacco. It wasn’t until 1964 when Surgeon General Luther Terry stated that smoking causes lung cancer in people who smoke and inhale the fumes, that perceptions on smoking began to change. Since the findings of the Surgeon General, there has been an on going battle between pro-smoking, and anti-smoking groups over the rights of smokers. As the non smoking movement is growing at a rapid pace, and smoking bans have been ruled to not violate the 1st Amendment. In the last decade we have banned smoking in almost all public areas from bars and restaurants, offices, malls, and living quarters. The smoking bans are one effective way to abolish smoking, but it fails to address the major component in smoking; addiction to nicotine, and the psychological effect it has on users. Unfortunately, there isn’t an easy way to end smoking. This is because treatment plans have such a small level of success. Medical treatment such as prescription medication often have more side effects than positive effects for the user. But one product has been making huge gains in the fight to quit tobacco, and that is the electronic cigarette...
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and worldwide (Centers for Disease Control, 2013, World Health Organization, 2008). Tobacco cessation counseling is a vital component of any public health strategy seeking to decrease mortality, disease and costs associated with smoking. To that end, the Healthy People 2020 Tobacco Use Objectives cover three main areas: reducing tobacco use, instituting health system changes, and creating social and environmental changes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Objective TU-10 falls under the category of health system changes as it seeks to open doors for patients to make quit attempts and to pursue tobacco cessation methods by increasing tobacco cessation counseling by physicians and other health care providers.
There are many explicit premises in this article that I will examine. The first premise is that, Tobacco companies have been and continue to be involved in undermining scientific evidence that documents the health hazards of secondhand smoke. This is more than an hidden assumption, reference from the Los Angles Times reported in November 1999 that the major cigarette companies "are engaged in a far-reaching campaign to discredit evidence that secondhand smoke is harmful to human health." This is my second premise. Here, there is an implied notion that the Los Angels Times conducted a study to find these findings true. The third premise states, Tobacco industry allies recycle old myths and propaganda - and continue to plant the seeds of confusion and doubt as to the economic effects of smoke free air policies - before legislatures and city councils. Here we see the strong initiative that the tobacco companies especially Philips and Morris take to attack policies that go against their business. The next premise is the fourth premise, As in the past, tobacco companies have continued to create and hide behind front groups to lobby against tobacco control and public health policies. This is another implied notion, which we can say that tobacco companies are trying to control the regulations on tobacco.
... a theory should be able to explain a wide variety of things, not just only what it was intended to explain.
Smoking cigarettes is a detrimental practice not only to the smoker, but also to everyone around the smoker. According to an article from the American Lung Association, “Health Effects” (n.d.), “Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing over 438,000 deaths per year”. The umbrella term for tobacco use includes the use of cigarettes, cigars, e-cigs and chewing tobacco. While tobacco causes adverse health consequences, it also has been a unifying factor for change in public health. While the tobacco industries targets specific populations, public health specifically targets smokers, possible smokers, and the public to influence cessation, policies and education.
Smoking is a lifestyle, a habit, and a trend. Smoking has become a social activity among teens, connecting them through the craving of a smoke. Smoking is seen as seductive and cool in the media and movies which influences teenagers to smoke even more. The World Health Organization has stated that “Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. More than 5 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke.” As of April 2016, only 7% of teenagers in the U.S. smoke, but it is said that tobacco use will kill 8 million people annually by 2030. 99% of adult smokers start in their years as teenagers. Smoking is an epidemic that has taken control of people’s lives since 1881 and the media since the early 1900s. Smoking currently kills about 440,000 people a year in the U.S. I feel that it is an issue because it is the #1 most preventable way to die, but people still continue to smoke because of how it looks and how they are perceived as a person if they do. The fact that people become addicted to a trend that will attribute to their death for the sake of being thought of as cooler, is a problem that needs to be addressed.
Each year 440,000 people die, in the United States alone, from the effects of cigarette smoking (American Cancer Society, 2004). As discussed by Scheraga & Calfee (1996) as early as the 1950’s the U.S. government has utilized several methods to curb the incidence of smoking, from fear advertising to published health warnings. Kao & Tremblay (1988) and Tremblay & Tremblay (1995) agreed that these early interventions by the U.S. government were instrumental in the diminution of the national demand for cigarettes in the United States. In more recent years, state governments have joined in the battle against smoking by introducing antismoking regulations.
One more theoretical explanation for the development of community is given by John Perkins who has suggests that the process of community development is based on 3 R’s. They are relocation, redistribution and reconciliation. He has suggested that these three components puts a strong focus on the building of indigenous leadership (Perkins, 1982). According to this model relocation refers to the process in which the agent or the resident move into the community where he or she wishes to bring the change. The element of relocation is not taken as the expertise or the outsider impact but it is taken as the step which is done with the collaboration of the process of community development. Relocation helps the worker or agent of the community to
Websites can also be provided where the stakeholders can share ideas and give their views. The websites can also provide an opportunity for the stakeholders to download the information they require pertaining a particular subject. Therefore, all the stakeholders should be invited in the website, and the administrator should analyze the ideas, suggestions and recommendations for improvement in the education sector. The information obtained should be evaluated before implemented in the education sector. Surveys can also be conducted in the employment sector.
Media advocates framed smoking on airplane from a public policy perspective, which shifting primary responsibility for the problem from individuals to the industry, countering the blame-the -victim strategy of the industry. Media advocacy has been applied to many public health issues. Beyond tobacco control issues, media advocacy is used in children’s health advocates, drunk and driving prevention, and even gun control issues (Wallack & Dorfman, 2001). Case studies are frequently used in evaluating the progress of media advocacy (Wallack & DeJong, 1996; Woodruff, 1996). For example, one study examined the strategies and outcomes of Dangerous Promises, an anti violence against women media advocacy attempt and how it increased community participation and speeding up the policy making process.
Daynard.R., (2013). Regulatory Approaches to Ending Cigarette-Caused Death and Disease in the United States. Boston University School of Law; American Journal of Law and Medicine.
In conclusion, public smoking is a danger to smokers, as well as non-smokers and should be banned entirely. Enforcing laws, raising awareness, starting a petition, contacting a city, county or state official, is a few ways that will help to get this issue resolved. Second-hand smoke is a risk to everyone and public smoking allows it to reach all types of people. Stopping public smoking will result in healthier people and a better life for
Community engagement is the active participation of local residents and community groups in the decisions that affect their lives (Herefordshire Council, 2013). Therefore, community engagement should be about engaging in open communication to ensure the council understands the needs of the local community.