This study assessed the public extension agents’ responses to participatory extension approach. Since the independence in 1945, Indonesia’s extension agency has been providing services to farmers to enter the core of development. The government has enacted the Law Number 16/2006 on Participatory Extension as a consequence of political decentralization in the country by the year 2000. In principle, the new law mandates a change from a top-down to bottom-up approach. The law gives missions that extension system should not only “productive, effective, and efficient,” but also “decentralized, participatory, transparent, self-initiative, equitable in partnership… and accountable”. The new law urges extension is a learning process for farmers and business communities and ready to organize themselves and capable to access to information, technology, capital and other resources to drive up productivity and prosperity in concord with environmental sustainability.
As a consequence, the agents must act as a facilitator, rather than agents of technological transfer. The research question is whether the new approach is working, and what types of potential barriers in implementing the approach? This study focused on three aspects, namely the participation of farmers, stakeholder partnership, and access to contemporary agri-rural development, as seen by the public extension agents.The objectives of the study were: 1) to describe the characteristics of extension agents in Malang Regency; 2) to examine the implementation of participatory extension as a new approach from the perspectives of the agents; 3) to examine the challenges faced by the agents in implementing the new approach; 4) to describe their training needs in implementing the new app...
... middle of paper ...
...one in the absence of inter-agency network.
As a consequence, public extension agents were not ready to implement the participatory extension approach. For this reason, extension management and policy makers need to consider the following recommendations and strategies to deal with it. Capacity building is vital to improve the knowledge and skills of the agents. In addition, it is recommended to integrate communication for development (C4D) framework to deal with the complexity of participatory extension. The framework is accomplished by inserting special agents of the C4D to back up the public extension agents, as well as increase the ICT (information and communication technology) facilities to improve extension service. Other recommendations are also given with regard to demographic and practical considerations, and further complementary researches are identified.
argument did a better job drawing a clear image in my head. " For the timber and plantation barons of Indonesiaâ€s homes and livelihoods"(pg 4, 2nd paragraph). As in this phrase from the issue. the producers-the barons in this case-value how much crop can they.
...at small farms constitute 90 percent of the world’s farms and employment of 1.3 billion people. This dominates agriculture in developing countries because two-thirds of the 3 billion rural people in the world live off the income generated by farmers managing some 500 million small farms (Halberg & Müller, 2012, p.21). Additionally, there are benefits to land conservation for local communities that involves reduced environmental hazards, improvement of water quality from ground recharge, economic gains from agricultural production from exporting, and the natural settings that bring tourism generating the economy (McMahon & Urban, 2010 p.2). It is only through the awareness of this informational insight into the differences between community types and their transitions throughout time that the public can explore and discover economic incentives for rural communities.
Nierenberg, Danielle. "Factory farming in the developing world: In some critical respects, this is not progress at all." World Watch 1 May 2003: n. pag. eLibrary. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. .
These major benefits in turn attract a distinctive group of stakeholders; namely, foreign investors, local government, and environmentalists, each of whom view the landscape’s values from utterly different standpoints. The difference in perspective among these different stakeholders brings forward the urgent need for these groups to adopt more collaboratively rooted managerial efforts. This in turn will result in well-voiced dialogues to take place among these different stakeholders groups. Ultimately, these dialogues will moderate the gap between these groups as they all move forward towards a prosperous, developed, sustainable Papua New Guinea.
Before the industrial revolution, villagers practiced communal farming, in which residents worked together to farm on a large lot of land. Part of the land was divided up into three different crop fields. One for wheat or rye, one for oats or beans, and one for fallow. The fourth section of land was left to give livestock a place to graze, plant wild plants, and store firewood for the winter. The Enclosure Movement helped propel the shift from agriculture to industry. With this movement, agriculture was used for commercial practices and not so much as a way to feed single families. Before the start the Enclosure Movement, villages practiced communal farming in which the land and what was grown and raised on it was shared between the residents. However, this way of farming changed as effects of the Enclosure Movement made their way into the villages. Communal farms were divided up into single-family farms, with each family receiving and equal share of land. The owners of the land were rich families. These owners lease the land to farmers. During the enclosure movement, the land owners wrote new leases to individual families. These leases usually lasted 19 years and every family that lived in the village had the right to get a lease. People who got very small farms could not survive on their own without the right to use the common land, of which there was little to no land because it had been divided up. Therefo...
The second step is that broader awareness is required. According to Sarah Alexander, “different farmers trust different sources, such as vendors, crop consultants, and university extension services.” Farmers are going to need to be open minded to new things, in order to feed the human race. The last step is that farmers need the right incentives. Farmers want to know about the good that they are doing.
...earch and extension, rural infrastructure, and market access for small farmers. Rural investments have been sorely neglected in recent decades, and now is the time to reverse this trend. Farmers in many developing countries are operating in an environment of inadequate infrastructure like roads, electricity, and communications; poor soils; lack of storage and processing capacity; and little or no access to agricultural technologies that could increase their profits and improve their livelihoods. Recent unrest over food prices in a number of countries may tempt policymakers to put the interests of urban consumers over those of rural people, including farmers, but this approach would be shortsighted and counterproductive. Given the scale of investment needed, aid donors should also expand development assistance to agriculture, rural services, and science and technology.
As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture.
There has been a great debate on how to best promote the empowerment of women through rural projects so that women can benefit from projects available. Many have passionately disputed in defence of working involvement of community associates in women empowerment projects.
When communication is effective, there is no space for misunderstanding or alteration of information, which decreases the likelihood of conflict. In situations where conflict does arise, effective communication ensures that the situation is resolved in a respectful manner. Thus, when conflicts are resolved in a community and that too by the way of effective communication skills, the community prospers in every field of life.
Due to rural-urban migration, there has been increasing levels of poverty and depopulation in rural areas. This is one of the reasons why the government has seen it as necessary and made it a priority to improve the lives of the people who live in rural areas. Rural development is about enabling people in the rural areas take charge of their destiny. This is through the use and management of the natural resources they are exposed to. This is a process through which people learn over time and they use this knowledge to adapt to the changing world. The purpose of rural development is to improve the lives of people living in the rural areas.
...structured questionnaires as well as through documents like policy strategies, guidelines and reports. Stratified random sampling was used and 3 groups were selected to collect data from each district. Interviews were made from producers, traders and NGO’s. it was concluded from study that the improvement in marketing system is most important, different changes/techniques were recommended for 3 districts. For example for Dehana district (proper utilization of resources, soil conservation, moisture management, improved seeds), for Arrero District ( improvement of rangeland, livestock marketing system, cooperatives should be encouraged) and for Goro district (Livestock production should be improved, better road network, marketing monitoring from government and better market information system). In short proper system of marketing was recommended from this research.
Our country has favorable conditions for the development of industrial crops and fruit trees: The climate is humid tropical monsoon with high heat, high humidity. There are many types of soil suitable industrial crops: feralit land in the mountains, alluvial soils of the plains. The labor abundant experience. Processing industry is growing; large market demand. Policies to encourage the development of the state. The development of industrial crops and fruit trees brought many great significance: Supply of raw materials for the processing industry, providing exports. To contribute to job creation, redistribution of labor on a national scale. Promote economic and social development in disadvantaged areas. Speaking of the achievements of agriculture, we will talk to the achievement of food production in our country recently: Rice planted area increased: 5.6 million hectares (1980) to 7.3 million hectares (2005). The crop structure has changed. Productivity increased at 4.9 tonnes / ha / year. Food production in paddy increased: 14.4 million tonnes (1980) to 39.5 million tons, including 36 million tons of rice (2005). Average food at over 470 kg / person / year. Vietnam is one of the leading rice exporter in the world. Acreage and crop production also increased rapidly. The Mekong Delta is the largest food producing countries, accounting
This chapter reviews relevant literature on the determinants of the adoption and intensity of adoption of improved agricultural technologies, the impact of the adoption of these technologies on income among farm households and impact evaluation. The intention is to make synthesis of previous studies and also ascertain relevant gaps in the literature that can be filled with empirical research. The review has considered numerous issues with focus on adoption of technology, farmers’ perception about improved technologies, factors that determine farm household’s adoption decision, impact of technology adoption on income and impact of improved technology adoption on market participation. It also focuses on the analysis of theoretical review of previous studies in order to choose appropriate data analysis methods.
On the one hand, participatory approach to land use planning can provide openings for the decentralized administration of land management and enhance legal protection of local land rights through contributing to formal recognition of existing land tenure systems. According to Chigbu et al, (2015) four functions of land use planning that directly links to tenure security. (1) Its capacity to identify or determine land areas, parcels and uses and users. (2) Its propensity to enable documentation of land areas, parcels, rights, restrictions and responsibilities. (3) The opportunities it provides for stakeholder involvement, compensation of claims and community participation. (4) Its impact on land value, land markets and credit opportunities. On the other hand, land use planning, promoting sustainable natural resource use and environmental management are generally part of the mandate of local governments. And these prerogatives often tend to be weakly developed, both legally and with respect to capacity building and methodology (Hilhorst 2010). Unclear property rights and tenure insecurity are the major constraints to the potential of successful land use planning. According to UN-Habitat (2008, p. 17), poor land use planning associated with insecurity of tenure and incompletely specified land rights leads to problems of air and water-borne pollution from agricultural and industrial land use. Though there is a