2. Materials and methods
2.1 Raw materials and preparation of barium aluminate cements
The starting raw materials Aluminum oxide and barium carbonate used in this study were A.R. Grade, supplied by Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd (Mumbai, India). Fume silica was procured from Shiva minerals Pvt. Ltd. (Rajgangpur, India). For reference purposes, a commercially available calcium aluminate cement CA-25 C (Almatis, India) was used.
Aluminum oxide and barium carbonate were weighed in a proportion to give Al2O3: BaO weight ratio of 8:2. Mixes of Aluminum oxide and barium carbonate with and without the incorporation of silica fume were prepared in the same manner. Silica fume was additionally introduced in two proportions viz. 5 and 10 weight %. Complete coding of samples prepared is given in Table 1. The mixture containing aluminum oxide and barium carbonate were pulverized in a high-energy planetary ball mill. This planetary ball mill was manufactured by V.B. Ceramics, Chennai, India. It consists of a 250 ml stainless steel cylindrical jar, internally lined with tungsten carbide. The grinding balls made of tungsten carbides having diameter 10 mm were used as a hard grinding medium. Grinding media and the material weight ratio were kept 3:1 and milling speed was set at constant 300 rpm throughout the study. The milling operation was carried out continuously at room temperature for 1, 3, 5 and 10 h. Introduction of silica fume was done only in mixes after they were pulverized for 10 h. They were then thoroughly mixed in an agate mortar pestle for 30 minutes. The ground mixes were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for determination of their possible reaction temperatures. Model NETZSCH DSC 404F3 was used for this thermal analy...
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The purpose for this lab was to use aluminum from a soda can to form a chemical compound known as hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate. In the lab aluminum waste were dissolved in KOH or potassium sulfide to form a complex alum. The solution was then filtered through gravity filtration to remove any solid material. 25 mLs of sulfuric acid was then added while gently boiling the solution resulting in crystals forming after cooling in an ice bath. The product was then collected and filter through vacuum filtration. Lastly, crystals were collected and weighed on a scale.
At this point the identity of the unknown compound was hypothesized to be calcium nitrate. In order to test this hypothesis, both the unknown compound and known compound were reacted with five different compounds and the results of those reactions were compared. It was important to compare the known and unknown compounds quantitatively as well to ensure that they were indeed the same compound. This was accomplished by reacting them both with a third compound which would produce an insoluble salt that could be filte...
Volti, Rudi. "Aluminun Baseball Bats." The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Science, And Technology. New York: 1999. Print.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was employed extensively through want this study to examine and obtain images of prepared samples. The associated analytical facility of Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis was used to identify and quantify the elemental composition of the prepare samples.
The oxide of aluminum is amphoteric—showing both acidic and basic properties. The most important compounds include the oxide, hydroxide, sulfate, and mixed sulfate compounds. Anhydrous aluminum chloride is important in the oil and synthetic-chemical industries. Many gemstones—ruby and sapphire, for example—consist mainly of crystalline aluminum oxide.
The most effective method for testing the percentage of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 in a mixture was determined to be Test 3: Pressure Analysis. While it was not as effective as Test 1: Solution Conductivity when adhering to principles of Green Chemistry, but Test 3 provided the most accurate results. The reactions between Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 and Acetic Acid produced Sodium Acetate, Water and Carbon Dioxide. While it did produce CO2 and Sodium Acetate which are waste products, they are considered non-hazardous being the side products of the common baking soda and vinegar reaction. Test 2, Thermal Decomposition, was determined to ineffective. The waste products of Test 2 were in greater number, 2 grams of solid Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 mixture had to be disposed, and there was a great waste in heat energy from the hot plate. The hot plate was left on
Magnesium was a solid with a shinny black color and was insoluble. Sodium chloride was a solid crystal with a white color and was soluble.Then each substance was tested using a magnet. After the magnet test, each substances solubility was tested by using 3ML of water. Next Iron fillings (Fe) were combined with Sulfur (S) and tested using a magnet. The Iron fillings where attracted to the magnet and took some of the sulfur with it. A five centimeter strip of Magnesium (Mg) was placed in a fire and burned with the ashes being collected and placed in a test tube. When burned the Magnesium burned with white light and became brittle white ash. Another 1 centimeter strip of Magnesium (Mg) was then placed in a test tube along with 11 drops of 3M Hydrochloric acid. The Magnesium smoked up and the temperature increased. The ashes from the already burned strip were also combined with 11 drops of 6M Hydrochloric acid. The ashes slightly warmed but no other reaction took place. Next a pea sized around of Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was placed in a test tube along with five drops of 6M Hydrochloric acid. The Sodium bicarbonate bubbled and temperature loss
Investigating the Thermal Decomposition Of Metal Carbonates Aim: To investigate a range of metal carbonates and see if they thermally decompose. Thermal Decomposition INVESTIGATION [IMAGE] ------- Written By Tauqir Sharif ------------------------ Research: When a metal is thermally decomposed the bond between the metal and its carbonate (carbon and oxygen) is removed and the carbonate is released as carbon dioxide. Metal Carbonate = Metal Oxide + Carbon Dioxide Malachite is an ore of copper.
"Chemical Elements.com - Aluminum (Al)." Chemical Elements.com - Aluminum (Al). N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. .
between BaCl and BaSO, and that AW of 1 mol of BaSO = 233.404, so we
BIBLIOGRAPHY Advantages to Aluminum. http://www.kaiserextrusion.com/advantage.html. November 28, 2000. Aluminum Facts. http://www.epa.gov/seahome/housewaste/src/alum.htm. November,28 2000. Bowman, Kenneth A. World Book Encyclopedia. "Aluminum." Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1992. Cobb, Cathy. Creations of Fire. New York: Plenum Press, 1995 Geary, Don. The Welder's Bible. Pensilvania: Tab Books, 1993. Knapp PhD, Brian. Aluminum. Connecticut: Grolier, 1996. Newmark, Dr. Ann. Chemistry. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1993. Walker, John R. Modern Metalworking. Illinois: The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 1985.
The details with respect to each of these items are discussed in the following sections. All experiments were based on the ability of the method to collect and analyze a 15-L air sample for each concentration tested. The sample preparation and analytical technique used during the method evaluation follow that described in reference 9.4. A revised method (9.1.) is also available.
Next a burette and burette stand was obtained and the burette was cleaned with 5 mL of deionized water, followed by 5mL of hydrochloric acid. Then three different sample of approximately 0.2 of soda ash was measured out and placed in a flask. Next the one trial of soda ash was dissolved in 25 mL of water and 3 drops of phenolphthalein. The solution was then titrated until the color changed from pink to clear. Once the solution was clear 3 drops of bromocresol green was added and the sample was titrated until the solution turned light green. The sample was then boiled for 5 minutes or until the solution turned blue and then it was placed on an ice bath until room temperature was met. Once room temperature was met the solution was then titrated again until the solution tuned green. Finally the calculations were conducted (Lab 4: Volumetric Determination of Impure Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3),
The U.S. Bureau of Mines categorizes clay into six groups: ball clay; bentonite; common clay and shale; fire clay; fuller's earth; and kaolin. Ball clay is a plastic, white-firing clay that has a high degree of strength as well as plasticity. Principal ball clay markets in 1992 were pottery, floor and wall tile, and sanitary ware. Bentonite is a clay composed mainly of smectite minerals. The three major uses of bentonite in 1992 were drilling mud, foundry sand, and iron ore pelletizing. Common clay and shale contain mixtures of differing proportions of clay, including illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite, plus other nonclay materials. The largest user of these clays is the structural clay products industry, which manufactures brick, drain tile, sewer pipe, conduit tile, glazed tile, and terra cotta. Fire clays can withstand very high temperatures and consist mainly of kaolinite. These clays are used in commercial refractory products such as firebrick and block. Fuller's earth, either the attapulgitetype or montmorillonite-type, is used in pet waste absorbents, oil and grease absorbents, and pesticide carriers.
Aluminum is an element in the boron group with a symbol of Al, and an atomic number of 13. Aluminum is a very soft metal when pure but becomes strong and hard when alloyed, a malleable metal with a silvery gray color. Aluminum is a very reactive element so it is found in nature combined with other elements. Aluminum resists corrosion by the formation of a self-protecting oxide coating. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, following oxygen and silicon. It makes up approximately 8% by weight of the Earth’s surface. Although this is evident, it is also apparent that aluminum is never found by itself in nature. All of the earth’s aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds and in order to create new aluminum products; it has to be taken out of that specific compound. Aluminum does not rust like other elements, therefore it always remains strong and shiny, which means reused aluminum is almost identical to a brand new piece of metal. An electrochemical process creates aluminum. An electrochemical process is “the direct process end use in which electricity is used to cause a chemical transformation” ( E.I.A. Government). Major uses of electrochemical processes occur in the aluminum industry in which alumina is reduced to molten aluminum metal and oxygen, where than the aluminum can be used into making several different materials. Electrochemical processes, although very useful, can have serious environmental consequences. To help reduce the consequences that the production of aluminum creates, the idea of aluminum recycling comes into play.