Chapter One Lecture
Clinical Application Tip #1
A new patient arrives and you greet and seat him in your chair. You ask if he has current x-rays, and he replies, “I do not like x-rays. I had the ones sent over from my previous dentist, but I do not want anymore taken.” You look on the computer under his name, and there are four bitewings dated five years ago in his chart. The next step you take is important in how to handle this situation. Without any emotion in your voice, and showing a calm, kind, smile, reply, “Our dentists’ licenses are regulated by The Oregon Board of Dentistry. In order to treat a patient in Oregon, a dentist must possess either a current panographic radiograph combined with bitewings or a full mouth series of x-rays.
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Binding Energy: The energy (expressed in electron volts) that binds orbiting electrons around the nucleus inside an atom.
Bremsstrahlung: The slowing down and veering off course of the entering high-speed electron. The loss of its energy will be expressed as heat and X-rays.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: A grouping of energy waves that has the weightlessness of the waves and the speed of travel in common (186,000 miles per second).
Energy Wave: An energy wave travels in the same way as a ripple across a body of water.
Frequency: The number of oscillations that an energy wave makes per second is the frequency.
Hittoft-Crookes tube: A vacuum tube in which an electric current from a battery flows through it.
Ionization: When an orbiting electron is ejected from its shell in an electrically stable (neutral)
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Bremsstrahlung radiation produces the most x-rays, and characteristic x-rays follow.
The thermionic emission effect takes places at the tungsten filament at the cathode when the x-ray machine is turned on in the morning.
The person accredited with the initial discovery of x-rays is Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen on November 8, 1895 in Germany. However, Dr. Otto Walkhoff, a dentist in Germany took the first dental radiograph, and Dr. C. Edmund Kells from New Orleans took the first intraoral radiographs in the United States in April 1896.
When you turn on the x-ray machine, you activate the filament circuit.
The greatest binding energy is found in the K-shell electrons.
X-rays are generated when a stream of electrons traveling from one side of a vacuum tube is stopped on impact at the tungsten target of the anode.
When the high voltage circuit is activated, the x-ray machine beeps, the electrons travel from the filament to the target, heat is produced, and the electrons at the cathode fire across the tube and hit the target at the anode.
Electromagnetic radiation includes x-rays, gamma rays, microwaves and light waves.
X-rays result from electron and atomic interactions in an x-ray tube.
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Zondy, David . "Tesla's Death Ray." davidszondy. 23 March 2011. Web. 10 Sept. 2011. .
In Dentistry, Radiography (the making of radiographs by exposing an image receptor) is very common. “Radiographs and other imaging modalities are used to diagnose and monitor oral diseases, as well as monitor dentofacial development and the progress or prognosis of therapy.” (Association, 2012). Even though radiation exposure from the dental radiographs is low, the patients and the ADA (American Dental Association) believes that there are some safety tips that must be followed in order for the patient to feel comfortable with getting the radiograph every six months to a year. Modern x-ray equipment is programmed to reduce the amount of radiation. X-rays in dentistry can be performed by using digital imaging or conventional film. Digital imaging continues to develop and is being more commonly used. In this paper I am going to explain how x-rays have became safer over time, what steps dental assistants use to prevent exposure on the patient as well as the office staff, and some safety tips.
Today I’m going to inform you about X-ray Technology its history and how it been advancing since it’s been invented. Also will inform you how it is currently helping doctors and their patients.
Light is both part particle and part wave. Light is “the electromagnetic radiation that may be perceived by the human eye”. It consists of photons, which are massless bundles of concentrated electromagnetic energy. Light’s lower frequency is red, and the higher frequency is blue. Like sound, light has frequencies humans can’t detect. Ultraviolet light is at a frequency higher than violet, and infrared is at the frequency lower than the red of visible light. We get UV (ultraviolet) rays from the sun, and infrared is used in night vision to see better.
The above figure is a representation of the thermionic emission, where V – applied forward bias, EF is the Fermi level.
Electromagnetic waves are factors of wavelength, frequency and speed of electromagnetic wave propagation or the relationship between rapid propagation of vapors that can propagate in a vacuum by multiplying the wavelength and its frequency. Equation of Electromagnetic Waves The equation is:
You can see this experiment going on in many different places, except they tend to use different atoms. The most common would be neon signs. The main color emitted when a free electron hits a neon atom is red, and with the high voltage, there will be many collisions that produce red light. Also since the voltage is variable, the origin of the multiple red lights shifts very quickly making it seem as if the whole thing is constantly emitting red light.
"What is a particle accelerator?." HEPHY: Particle Accelerators. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. .
an initial energy of about 1 MeV will induce fission is rather low, but can be
A key component that is crucial in understanding sound is waves. There are two types of mechanical waves, longitudinal and transverse. In both waves the particles must move with the medium. A medium is the type of object or material that carries the energy through a field. In longitudinal waves the particles move in a parallel direction. An example of a longitudinal wave would be a slinky or an ultra sound machine. However a transverse wave is a wave that moves horizontally. An example of this wave would be any type of electromagnetic wave. Such as radio or light waves.
The production of x-rays by relativistic electrons in accelerators is about 60 years old. The accelerator facilities used as synchrotron radiation sources have advanced significantly over the years, growing in utility to become a premier research tool for the study of materials. The evolution of these facilities is typically described as a sequence of generations of synchrotron radiation sources.
Davisson and Germer found that by varying the applied voltage to the electron gun, the maximum intensity of electrons diffracted by the atomic surface was found at different angles. The highest intensity was found to be at an angle θ = 50° with a voltage of 54 V, giving the electrons a kinetic energy of 54 eV.
Electromagnetic energy is a dynamic form of energy that is caused by the acceleration or oscillation of a charged particle. All substances above absolute zero (0 Kelvin) emit a range of electromagnetic energy. The sun emits electromagnetic energy and practically all of the natural electromagnetic energy injected into the earth is produced by the sun (Prakush, 2002).