Structure, Function & Enzymes
The Circulatory System
The human circulatory system, or cardiovascular system, is made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels. The circulatory system has three functions: transportation of substances, protection from disease and regulation of temperature. The heart pumps blood to our body tissues via a network of blood vessels. Humans have a closed circulatory system that is in two parts; the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation. The systemic system carries oxygenated blood around the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart, the pulmonary system carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and the oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.
The heart is a muscular organ
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Arteries carry blood away from the heart, they are made up of three layers of thick muscle and elastic fibres. The muscle contracts to help push the blood along the artery, whilst the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch when under the high pressure generated by the heart when it beats. Veins carry blood towards the heart and are also made of three layers of muscle and elastic fibres. Veins only have thin muscle as the blood they carry is under lower pressure than the blood in arteries. When body muscles surrounding veins move, they squeeze the vein and push the blood along. There are valves inside most veins to prevent the blood from flowing backwards. Capillaries are the link between arteries and veins, the capillary wall is only one cell thick to allow easy exchange of substances between the blood and body cells.
Blood is the fluid that transports many substances around the body; oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, waste, nutrients. There are four main components to blood, these are plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets). Platelets and red and white blood cells are produced in bone marrow. There are four main blood groups: A, B, O and AB. Red blood cells sometimes contain the RhD antigen, if blood contains this antigen then the blood group is RhD positive, if it doesn’t the blood group is RhD
The arteries have a thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres. This means that they can stretch a lot more than the veins that have a thin inner layer, this means that they are more compact.
According to Virtual Medical Centre (2014) the primary function of the blood is to act as a transport, to give the body protection and to help regulate. The blood dissolves gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The blood also transports vital nutrients throughout the body, such as micro-nutrients, fatty acids and amino acids. The flow of the blood helps to regulate the body’s temperature. Also the blood removes wastes material of metabolism. Blood cells (white and red cells) are carried through the body to help with the body’s natural defense, blood clotting and the carry anti-bodies.
The cardiovascular system - The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting nutrients and removing gaseous waste from the body. It consists of the heart, which powers the whole process, the veins, arteries, and capillaries, which deliver oxygen to tissue at the cellular level. The cardiovascular system carries blood that is low in oxygen away from the heart to the lungs via arteries, where oxygen levels are restored through the air once oxygenated, this blood is then carried throughout the body via arteries, keeping our organs and tissue alive. The cardiovascular system is the workhorse of the body, continuously moving to push blood to the cells. If this important system ceases its work, the body dies.
The walls of arteries are made up of three layers same as veins. Its inner endothelium is composed of epithelial cells which is very smooth. This layer helps minimise the friction. The tunica media provides strength and elasticity. It contains smooth muscles, collagen and large amount of elastic fibres.
The heart, blood and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system. The function of the cardiovascular system is to evenly distribute blood cells, water and nutrients. The cardiovascular system helps send blood to the body’s tissues. The heart is a muscle and the most important part of the cardiovascular system. Heart attacks, heart failure, and abnormal heart beat is a serious issue for the cardiovascular system these can sometimes lead to death. These diseases affect the heart and its functions (Heart and Cardiovascular disease 2005).
Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin (HbA) move easily through the bloodstream, delivering oxygen to all of the cells of the body. Normal red blood cells are shaped like doughnuts with the centers partially scooped out and are soft and flexible.
is, then it is brought back to the heart by the four pulmonary veins, which
The heart serves as a powerful function in the human body through two main jobs. It pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body and “blood vessels called coronary arteries that carry oxygenated blood straight into the heart muscle” (Katzenstein and Pinã, 2). There are four chambers and valves inside the heart that “help regulate the flow of blood as it travels through the heart’s chambers and out to the lungs and body” (Katzenstein Pinã, 2). Within the heart there is the upper chamber known as the atrium (atria) and the lower chamber known as the ventricles. “The atrium receive blood from the lu...
The Circulatory System is a transportation and cooling system for the body. The Red Blood Cells act like billions of little mail men carrying all kinds of things that are needed by the cells, also RBC's carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells. All cells in the body require oxygen to remain alive. Also there is another kind of cells called white blood cells moving in the system. Why blood cells protect from bacteria and other things that are harmful. The Circulatory system contains vein arteries, veins are used to carry blood to the heart and arteries to carry the blood away. The blood inside veins is where most of the oxygen and nutrients are and is called deoxygenated and the color of the blood is dark red. However, blood in the arteries are also full of oxygen but is a bright red. The main components of the circulatory system are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
The human circulatory system is arguable the most complex of all organ systems. One of the crucial components of the circulatory system is blood. Blood is the medium the body uses to fight invading bodies, deliver elements needed for cellular reproduction, eliminate cellular waste products and carry out the process of coagulation. Blood is composed of plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. Of the four components of blood red blood cells or erythrocytes compose the majority of bloods volume. The function of red blood cells is to deliver oxygen to cells and recover cellular waste products for transportation to sites of excretion. When red blood cells do not function properly all organ systems are affected. The most prevalent
The process of a drop of blood to go from the heart, to the body, and back to the heart is called the Cardiac Cycle. When the heart pumps blood throughout the body, there are a lot of factors that help it happen and influence how well it happens. It is a very quick cycle, occurring every .8 seconds, which means it happened about 70 times per minute. Systoles, diastoles, and blood pressure all are the main components of what make a cardiac cycle occur.
The history of anatomy and physiology dates back to ancient Egyptian times when humans were mummified after death and bodies would be stripped of their internal organs during the embalming process. It was not until much later when Hippocrates II, known as the father of medicine, was the first to write about human anatomy. Shortly after that, the Alexandrian Medical School was established, where human dissection was allowed for the first time, which promoted research and new discoveries in the field. From there, many other influential researchers came up with theories regarding the cardiovascular and nervous systems, etc; however, the missing links in some of the earlier theories was found with the discovery of the microscope, which changed the focus of research and led to many advancements in the field.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating.
The roles of the circulatory and respiratory system both carry important responsibilities and are essential in their jobs to the human body. The circulatory system is one, if not the, most important system in the human body. The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Within the blood vessels, there are three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart is an organ made up of cardiac muscle that has a role similar to a pump. When the muscles in the heart contract, it pumps fresh blood away from the heart, through a main artery called the aorta, and to the organs and cells of the body. Nutrients and oxygen then enter the cells through diffusion of the tissues. The respiratory system transports oxygen to the circulatory system. When transporting oxygen to the circulatory system, this will in turn transport oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body. Aside from transporting oxygen to the body, the respiratory system also plays a role in the removal of carbon dioxide and other contaminants in the body. These two systems effectively and efficiently work together in order to supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide and any other
It is easy to determine the blood group by determining the types of antigen on the surface of the red blood cell. The body will differentiate the own cells and foreign cell(potentially dangerous) with the aid of antigens.Blood group A has antigen A, blood group B has antigen B, blood group AB has both antigen A and antigen B, and the blood group O has no both antigens. If there is an antigen, there is an antibody. The human body(immune system)