This brief journal entry will be exploring the work of Charlotte Ward in connection with The Mabinogion. Charlotte Ward examines how The Mabinogion has been translated while referencing scholars such as I.B. John who liken the tales to a pieced together “mosaic” (Ward, p.424). Ward focuses her essay on formulaic language as seen in the first branch of The Mabinogion in the context of Medieval European literature as a whole (ibid.). Ward then describes how the entire first branch is written in prose, consisting of no “englynion” [Welsh poetry] as seen in the fourth branch (ibid.).
Ward then references Anthony Conran, saying “we do not know what Brythonic poetry was like, but my guess is that it was far closer to early Irish than it was to most of what survives of early Welsh” (ibid., p.425). Later she ties in “syntactical freedom” as being “more characteristic of Welsh poetry than prose” (ibid., p.427). Ward also details how characters are not described explicitly, but rather the conversations alone make it necessary to derive more intimate knowledge about the characters (ibid., p.428). Ward then details an instance of a repetitive sequence as seen through Pwyll attempting to pursue Rhiannon. She does this through an A, B, C sequence: “(A) ‘And as they were sitting, they saw a woman on a horse… coming along the
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This is done both linguistically and in the running themes, as both Pwyll and Culhwch are in pursuit of a woman. And in order to succeed, they are both faced with repetitive obstacles and this is emphasized through alliteration in the language and similar sequencing. Pwyll’s quest is significantly less climactic however, as he sort of caves in at the end and just asks the woman to stop. Culhwch however has a much more taxing journey so when he succeeds, the outcome is much more cathartic for the
In the book The True Confessions Of Charlotte Doyle by Avi Charlotte goes on a ship to go see her father in providence. The violence in this book makes the story more interesting to read. An example of violence in the book is when the Cranick gets shot by captain Jaggery because Cranick and the crew tried to kill captain, but failed. For this reason the captain is mad so he chooses Zachariah to take the punishment, by whipping him.
She then moves on to describe each of the characters, and in doing so, their surroundings and how they fit in: "He was cold and wet, and the best part of the day had been used up anyway. He wiped his hands on the grass and let the pinto horse take him toward home. There was little enough comfort there. The house crouched dumb and blind on the high bench in the rain. Jack's horse stood droop-necked and dismal inside the strand of rope fence, but there wasn't any smoke coming from the damned stove (28)."
In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, the author shows, in a deeper, fictional descriptive fashion, a look into English life of the late 1300s to the 1400s. Written in an ambiguous undertone, this poem is left for interpretation by the reader. This seemingly unknown author examines the personalities and character traits of Sir Gawain, and other people within the patriarchy by examining them through the different what they did in life, and how they conducted themselves within specific company. Particularly through Sir Gawain, the Pearl Poet examines more than just pride within this text, but bravery, honor, and temptation.
The greatest part of these studies have involved the middle-English text Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Extensive work has been done on this alliterative four-part poem written by an anonymous contemporary of Chaucer: feminists have attacked his diatribe against women at the end, or analyzed the interaction between Gawain and the women of Bercilak’s court; those of the D. W. Robertson school seek the inevitable biblical allusions and allegory concealed within the medieval text; Formalists and philologists find endless enjoyment in discovering the exact meaning of certain ambiguous and archaic words within the story. Another approach that yields interesting, if somewhat dated, results, is a Psychological or Archetypal analysis of the poem. By casting the Green Knight in the role of the Jungian Shadow, Sir Gawain’s adventure to the Green Chapel becomes a journey of self-discovery and a quest - a not entirely successful one - for personal individuation.
...ourneys, these men go in as an average man of the time, face a challenge that the Church thought a man of the day might experience, and come out purified and learned, as a man of those periods should behave. These stories are examples of how a life should be lived and the challenges that one may encounter. While the frames of these narratives change from fictitious to realistic according to the flow of Christianity-based, Northeastern literature, they each are pictures of the mentality of their times. As time progressed, so did the mentalities, which were heavily influenced by Christianity. This is evident in the slow removal of pagan beliefs in the supernatural monsters like dragons and giants into the more realistic literary frames. While all have their differences due to changing times, the hero's journey as a model for the everyday man is clear in these poems.
Ford. P, (2008), ‘The Mabinogi and other Medieval Welsh Tales’, illustrated, annotated, California United States of America, University of California Press
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a medieval poem by an unknown author, written in Middle English in the 14th century. This poem is uncanny to most poems about heroism and knightly quests as it doesn’t follow the complete circle seen in other heroism tales. This poem is different to all the rest as it shows human weaknesses as well as strengths which disturbs the myth of the perfect knight, or the faultless hero. The author uses symbolism as a literary device in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to give the plot a deeper and more significant meaning. Symbolism is used to emphasise the difference of this heroism story against others and therefore symbolism is of great importance in this poem. The importance of the following symbols will be discussed in this paper; the pentangle, the colour green, the Green Knight, the exchange of winnings game, the axe and the scar. This paper argues the significance of the use of symbolism as a literary device in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
The Mabinogion is a collection of eleven tales from the Welsh myths, preserved in two manuscripts, the White Book of Rhydderch and Red Book of Hergest. The tales from the Mabinogion are divided into three categories: the first four tales belong to the Four Branches; the next four are the Independent tales; and the last three are called the Three Romances, which show strong association to the French romances written by Chretien de Troyes. Historia Peredur ab Efrawg shares significant material in common with Chretien’s Perceval or Le Conte du Graal; the Welsh romance of Owain, subtitled Chwedl Iarlles Y Fynawn is clearly related to Yvain, Le Chevalier du Lion; and the chwedl (Welsh tale) Geraint ab Erbin follows the plot-line of Chretien’s Erec et Enid perfectly. These similarities immediately call into question the origin, history, and influences of the tales – or so called mabinogionfrage. Through examining the work of Chretien de Troyes and historical and thematic evidence, we will elucidate the relationship between these parallel stories and attempt to explain the mabinogionfrage.
Marie De France’s Lanval is a remarkable short narrative that engages the reader into a world filled with unrealistic elements, but enhances on the true meaning of romance, chivalry and nature during the years that King Arthur reigned. “Sir Gawain and The Green Knight” unfortunately does not have an author that can be recognized but this epic poem demonstrates the ghastly adventure of a knight who decides to defend the honor of young King Arthur against a supernatural being in this malicious game of cat and mouse. Both of these pieces of literature have enchanting characteristics that define them as a masterpiece of their era and that’s why they both are easily compared and contrasted. In addition, both Lanval and “Sir Gawain and The Green Knight” can be classified as similar through their themes, style and plots, although they are different through their language and diction. Even though both of these literatures can be viewed as similar as well as contrasting, in the end, each of these tales have illuminated the realm of fantasy throughout the court of King Arthur.
The alliteration and caesura utilizes a similar technique as used by the Anglo-Saxons. Heaney gives the story a unique flow and poetic
For Gerald of Wales, religion was one of the most essential aspects of being a civilized human being. Therefore, when he wrote, The History and Topography of Ireland, he portrayed its inhabitants as subhuman and barbaric during his apparent travels to Ireland. As a colonizer, Gerald picked a far away place in which many had not been to, in order to establish them as the “other”. Unfortunately, for Gerald, he may have ridiculed the Irish for their lifestyle conveyed in his writing, but his exploitation of them most likely was done because he could in fact relate to them. In the book, The Postcolonial Middle Ages, Jeffery Jerome Cohen’s analysis in his chapter, “Hybrids, Monsters, Borderlands: The Bodies of Gerald of Wales”, closely focuses on Gerald’s cultural hybridity, which mirrors his accounts of the Irish. Although he deemed the Irish as barbaric, they were also hybrids, thus he also shared a feeling of displacement with them. Nonetheless, he still held himself to a higher degree because they did not properly celebrate Christianity, ultimately leading them to make other unpleasant decisions.
The passage in question seems to pave a way to a peaceful outcome between the Welsh and the Irish. Matholwch is eager to make peace with Bendigeidfran who is advised
To be able to discuss adequately how the master narratives of Bronte and Rhys’ time are revised, one must first understand what those master narratives were and what the social mood of the time was. From there one will be able to discuss how they were revised, and if in fact they were revised at all.
22 of Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. Rpt. in Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
English literature is continuously developing into a more complex, and interwoven network of shared, or argued ideas. Proof of this goes back into all of the varieties of literature that we have discovered from times past, as well as anything new that is written today. One example of these works of art that has been studied intensely over the years includes the story of The Duchess of Malfi written by John Webster somewhere between 1580 and 1625. This is a story of tragic loss, desperate love, and vicious vengeance which all comes together to form one of the greatest tragedies of all time.