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Social changes in the 16th century
Economic and social changes in europe in the 16th century
Social changes in the 16th century
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Carlo Ginzburg’s, “The Cheese and the Worms”, displays the life of Mennochio, a miller in the 16th century that has been accused of heresy because of his radical beliefs. Mennochio is interrogated and eventually sentenced to death, but through his trials we learn his ideas and the social and religious problems of Europe in the 16th century. As a miller, Mennochio is able to gain knowledge and access to books, despite his lower class upbringing, which allows him to challenge these traditional views on religion and social matters. In Mennochio’s trials he cites close to a dozen books that he has not only gaining meaningful knowledge from, but also has created new ideas and ways to view the world from. Menocchio challenges the status quo of …show more content…
He would digest the knowledge and history learned from these novels and create new ideas. Mennochio also would apply his views and ideas to the stories he was reading within the literature. “Sir, I have never met anyone who holds these opinions; my opinions came out of my head”. Menocchio explains in the novel, that despite all of the acquired information through his readings, he himself orchestrated the ideas and came up with his own thoughts. During the trials, inquisitors mention Nicola da Porcia, a painter and friend of Menoccio who could have aided him in his controversial ideas. But during the trials on numerous occasions Menoccio continues to reveal that it was his own doing and that he solely established his ideas being questioned. Of the books Menocchio read, almost all of them were lent to him, except for one in which he bought. Despite this, there are a lot of questions surrounding who specifically gave Menocchio most of his literature as most of the books have been disseminated in a variety of homes that hold different class stations. Nicola Da Porcia gave Menocchio, “Il Sogno”, which is why the inquisitors assumed his assistance in helping formulate Menocchio’s ideas, but Menocchio proved to be more radical as he questioned the scripture and God’s divinity. Mennochio illustrates his ideas through oral history given the platform of his class station and trials in
In the book, Giovanni and Lusanna, by Gene Bucker, he discusses the scandalous actions of a Florentine woman taking a wealthy high status man to court over the legality of their marriage. Published in 1988, the book explains the legal action taken for and against Lusanna and Giovanni, the social affects placed on both persons throughout their trial, and the roles of both men and women during the time. From the long and complicated trial, it can be inferred that women’s places within Florentine society were limited compared to their male counterparts and that women’s affairs should remain in the home. In this paper, I will examine the legal and societal place of women in Florentine society during the Renaissance. Here, I will argue that women were the “merchandise” of humanity and their main objective was to produce sons.
...such as extreme spiritual austerities can hold their place in history because they mattered to the people who practiced them, not necessarily because they were an agent for driving change. Bynum rejects morally absolutist reconstructions of the past in favour of a more relativistic reading which delves into the imagination and subconscious of the medieval writers themselves. She meets them, as much as possible, in their own milieu rather than projecting modern constructions (such as ‘anorexia nervosa’) into the past where they serve little use in our understanding of the medieval mind. Despite her close work with the Annalist School, Bynum makes no attempt toward ‘l’Histoire Totale’ or some grand narrative of the past, and in this regard the work is most honest, thought-provoking, and definitive for 21st century scholars studying the medieval mind and its times.
Anti-Semitism is the hatred and discrimination of those with a Jewish heritage. It is generally connected to the Holocaust, but the book by Helmut Walser Smith, The Butcher’s Tale shows the rise of anti-Semitism from a grassroots effect. Smith uses newspapers, court orders, and written accounts to write the history and growth of anti-Semitism in a small German town. The book focuses on how anti-Semitism was spread by fear mongering, the conflict between classes, and also the role of the government.
Antonio Manetti, a Florentine Humanist and holder of several high offices in Florence, was the author of the delightful novella known as the Fat Woodworker. This novella, first published in its final refined form in the 1470’s, tells the story of a rather complex and slightly malicious trick created by a genius architect known as Filippo Brunelleschi. While the trick is mean at times, the reader tends to not notice because of the comedic way that the fat woodworker reacts. The prank that unfolds can in some ways closely parallel the many tricks that occur in Boccaccio’s Decameron, though there are some large differences.
American consumers think of voting as something to be done in a booth when election season comes around. In fact, voting happens with every swipe of a credit card in a supermarket, and with every drive-through window order. Every bite taken in the United States has repercussions that are socially, politically, economically, and morally based. How food is produced and where it comes from is so much more complicated than the picture of the pastured cow on the packaging seen when placing a vote. So what happens when parents are forced to make a vote for their children each and every meal? This is the dilemma that Jonathan Safran Foer is faced with, and what prompted his novel, Eating Animals. Perhaps one of the core issues explored is the American factory farm. Although it is said that factory farms are the best way to produce a large amount of food at an affordable price, I agree with Foer that government subsidized factory farms use taxpayer dollars to exploit animals to feed citizens meat produced in a way that is unsustainable, unhealthy, immoral, and wasteful. Foer also argues for vegetarianism and decreased meat consumption overall, however based on the facts it seems more logical to take baby steps such as encouraging people to buy locally grown or at least family farmed meat, rather than from the big dogs. This will encourage the government to reevaluate the way meat is produced. People eat animals, but they should do so responsibly for their own benefit.
The letters of Magdalena and Balthasar give us a glimpse into the lives of a merchant couple in 16th century Nuremberg, Germany. Renaissance Nuremberg was a city much like Florence, full of culture and based on a strong merchant economy. The only difference was that while Florence was predominately Catholic, Nuremberg's residents were Protestant (Patrouch, 2-13-01). In this city, the plague ended the lives of thousands and this couple was alive to see the suffering it created. This caused two reactions in them. One was that of fear; a fear that they too would die from the plague and so they are both very careful with their health. The second was a vision of a God that could both punish and save them from damnation. In the letters of this book we discover how a Protestant couple in Renaissance Germany dealt with the illness and suffering that their loving God had bestowed upon them.
All together the Cheese and the Worms is a brilliant book about an utterly unique man that, if not for his tragic investigation and death, we would’ve never known about him. The author told us about the world and the man Menocchio in it, why he is so important to understanding this time, and also just about the unique man himself. The notes, the sections, and the vocabulary all come together to make a fantastic investigation into life during the Reformation
Bugliani, Ann. “Man shall not live by bread alone: the biblical subtext in Cyrano de Bergerac.”
Known as Menocchio, The Cheese and the Worms tells the story of his inquisition and the events leading up to it. Menocchio was a well-to-do miller who lived in the region of Friuli. He was unlike how many modern people might imagine a peasant miller, as he was highly literate, and, though not luxuriously rich, was wealthy enough to not have to worry too extensively about something like a bad harvest. He had been, for some time, the mayor of the village of Montereale where he lived. What made Menocchio the subject of a religious inquisition was the fact that he was a very vocal man who deeply enjoyed openly telling everyone he knew about his musings on religion. Most just brushed of his eccentric views, but eventually someone told the local clergy of his words. This led to him being investigated on the grounds of spreading blasphemous ideas.
By the end of eleventh century, Western Europe had experienced a powerful cultural revival. The flourish of New towns provided a place for exchange of commerce and flow of knowledge and ideas. Universities, which replaced monasteries as centers of learning, poured urbanized knowledge into society. New technological advances and economics transformations provided the means for building magnificent architectures. These developments were representative of the mental and behavioral transformations that the medieval world underwent and the new relationships that were brought about between men, women and society in the twelfth century. As in technology, science, and scholasticism, Literature was also reborn with a new theme.3
The smaller of the two works is Trent 1475: Stories of A Ritual Murder Trial. It tells the story of a small Jewish community accused of ritual blood sacrifice in Trent, Italy. This book creates a micro history that tells a much larger story of politics and society interacting with culture. Using the documentation of the trial, called the Yeshiva Manuscript, literature of the period, letters and contemporary literature, Hsia illustrates how the persecution of the Jews in 1475 has impacted and still impacts attitudes toward Jewish people. The most important source, the Yeshiva manuscript was put together by people after the trial, using the trial r...
In the book Eating Animals by Jonathan Safran Foer, the author talks about, not only vegetarianism, but reveals to us what actually occurs in the factory farming system. The issue circulating in this book is whether to eat meat or not to eat meat. Foer, however, never tries to convert his reader to become vegetarians but rather to inform them with information so they can respond with better judgment. Eating meat has been a thing that majority of us engage in without question. Which is why among other reasons Foer feels compelled to share his findings about where our meat come from. Throughout the book, he gives vivid accounts of the dreadful conditions factory farmed animals endure on a daily basis. For this reason Foer urges us to take a stand against factory farming, and if we must eat meat then we must adapt humane agricultural methods for meat production.
In Buchner’s ‘Lenz’, the protagonist is portrayed as a fallen man, disjointed from society and mentally unstable. Buchner’s portrays Lenz’s fall into madness can be seen strongly in his narrative style but also the use of realisation and nature. From this one can evaluate whether the narrative is the most effective technique in illustrating Lenz’s descent into madness
Christopher Marlowe, the author of the play Doctor Faustus, demonstrates the transition from the Medieval Period to the Renaissance Period through his protagonist Doctor Faustus. The movement between these two eras is shown by Doctor Faustus’s rejection of logic, medicine, law, and divinity, which are all features of the Medieval Period. In addition to this, his drive towards the new and the innovative, in the form of occult studies, illustrates the transition. However, Doctor Faustus, while on his quest to attain supernatural powers, loses sight of the distinction between good and evil. This lapse of judgement ultimately leads to his own destruction, thus transforming him from a hero to an intellectually and morally deprived individual.
Making change in a time of dark beliefs and harsh criticism is a difficult task to achieve. The poet, Dante Alighieri’s world was one filled with spirituality and stigmas. Unlike many other artists of his time, he completed his most famous and influential work in Europe’s 1300’s. Dante’s piece, The Divine Comedy, demonstrates the journey one takes throughout life, to find one’s self and connect with the world and religion, all through three volumes of poetry. Of his talent, came a business of the arts. In addition, he changed the way the Italian language was perceived. He used his writing to help women be viewed as equals to men, and took a more tolerant position with regard to religion. Due to its effects on language, religion, and societal protocol, The Divine Comedy unquestionably affected Italian culture in the time of its author, and beyond.