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History of development computers
History of development computers
Research on the history of microprocessors
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PIC microcontroller
Brief History
The first microprocessor was developed by a small company called Intel (Integrated Electronics) in the early 1970s. But it faced no consumer market so they decided to market the chipset as “general purpose” microprocessing system where digital logic chips would have been used. This idea was a success and the Intel team developed 4 bit microprocessor called the 4004.
In 1974, the second generation microprocessor (the 8080) was fabricated as a single chip operated by +5V supply.
Meanwhile Motorola released its first 8 bit microprocessor the 6800 with same processing power as Intel 8080. But their internal structures are bit different.
A register based architecture is used in the 8008 with a separate I/O memory which is accessed by the typical MOV instructions where Motorola 6800 used “the memory mapped I/O” means that both memory and byte-wide input/output share the same memory map.
In case of the Intel range of new microprocessors, the 8080 further developed into the 8085 then the third generation 16 bit 8086 microprocessor which, in its 8088 pseudo 16 bit form. 8088 was an 8086 but with only an 8 bit data bus. 8088 made it easier to interface to the common 8 bit peripheral devices available at the time. The 800386 (a 32 bit processor), and 80486 are available today. These processors are designed for large memory maps.
The Motorola developed the 6800 replaced by the 6809 (8 bit), then the 68000 (16 bit), the 68010, 68020, and 68030 used in many workstations.
The more recent development in microprocessor architectures such as the Harvard architecture and the use of Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) have led to the development of microcontrollers such as the Microchip PIC.
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...unication and USB connectivity.
FIG 4: PIC 18F4550 interfacing circuit
Technical details of interfacing circuit
Circuit Parts Specifications:
• MCU:
PIC 18F4550.
• Power Led:
Led to Indicate Power status.
• Snubber Capacitor:
A 100nf non-polar capacitor is used to (snub) damp/remove any noise in input power supply to MCU unit.
• Oscillator:
A 8 MHz Quartz Crystal is servicing Oscillator along with two 25pf decouple capacitors at in and out OSC pins.
• Master Clear Resistor:
1K ohm weak pull up resistor at !MCLR pin inhibits reset during MCU operation.
• Reset Switch:
Switch may b used to manually reset MCU to start program execution from start.
• Analogue Channels:
4 open Analogue Channels are Available for interface to Co-circuits
Available Channels:
AN0, AN1, AN2, AN3
...m simple tasks. Then Massachusetts Institute of Technology students, led by Vannevar Bush, fabricated the first analog computer, which could perform more complicated tasks than the previous computer. The analog computer was improved upon even further by Howard Aiken, who created the first computer with memory (Brinkley 643).
In previous years, the first computers were mechanical, not electronic. One of the first computers ever made was the Difference Engine, designed by Charles Babbage. (Babbage, C, n.d.). The Difference Engine was able to calculate polynomials using the differences method. After the Difference Engine, Babbage began his work on an improved calculating engine, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine used punch cards to operate, just like the Jacquard Loom. The Jacquard Loom used punch cards to control weaving that created interesting patterns in textiles. The punch cards were used in the Analytical Engine to define the input and the calculations to carry-out. The Analytical Engine had two major parts. The first part was the mill, which is similar to a modern day computer processing unit, or a CPU. The CPU is the brain of a modern day computer; it is what carries out modern day instructions inside a computer. The mill would execute what it received from the store. The second part was the store, which was the memory of the computer. “It was the world’s first general-purpose computer.” (Babbage, C, n.d.)....
Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929) founded IBM ( as the Tabulating Machine Company ) in 1896. The company renames known as IBM in 1924. In 1906 Lee D. Forest in America developed the electronic tube (an electronic value). Before this it would have been impossible to make digital electronic computers. In 1919 W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan published the first flip-flop circuit design.
Intel is a multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation with the main headquarters located in Santa Clara, California. Founded on July 18, 1968, they are the world’s largest and highest valued semiconductor chip manufacturer (based on the company’s income) and are also the inventor of the x86 series processor2. It was founded by two men, Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce; the duo came from the Fairchild Semiconductor company. Intel’s first product after founding was the 3101 Schottky TTL bipolar 64-bit static random-access memory which was nearly twice as fast as earlier iterations by Fairchild and other competing companies. In the very same year, 1969, Intel also manufactured the 3301 Schottky bipolar 1024-bit read-only memory and the first publicly available metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor silicon gate SRAM chip, which was the 256-bit 1101.
The company expanded in the 1950aê¡?s and 1960aê¡?s and became semiconductor producers for other manufacturers. Motorola also became a global company in the 1960aê¡?s. In the 1970aê¡?s Motorola introduced the companyaê¡?s first microprocessor and a prototype for the worldaê¡?s first commercial portable phone. In the 1980aê¡?s and 1990aê¡?s Motorola provided the worldaê¡?s first computerized engine control, invented the Six Sigma quality improvement process, launched the MicroTac which was then the smallest and lightest cellular phone on the market. In the 21st century Motorola has provided the worldaê¡?s first GPRS cellular system, the worldaê¡?s first wireless cables modem gateway, and the MOTORAZR V3 cellular phone.
was introduce in 1971. IBM then came out with more advance computers such as System/38 in 1978 and the AS / 400 in 1988.
OMPARE AND CONTRAST REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER (RISC) WITH THE COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER (CISC) [20]
From here comes the real success of the 8051 microcontroller. Intel decided that it was not smart to keep the hardware strictly theirs. They allowed other companies to come in and make different versions of the 8051 microcontroller: different boards and different ...
We have the microprocessor to thank for all of our consumer electronic devices, because without them, our devices would be much larger. Microprocessors are the feat of generations of research and development. Microprocessors were invented in 1972 by Intel Corporation and have made it so that computers could shrink to the sizes we know today. Before, computers took a room because the transistors or vacuum tubes were individual components. Microprocessors unified the technology on one chip while reducing the costs. Microprocessor technology has been the most important revolution in the computer industry in the past forty years, as microprocessors have allowed our consumer electronics to exist.
The First Generation of Computers The first generation of computers, beginning around the end of World War 2, and continuing until around the year 1957, included computers that used vacuum tubes, drum memories, and programming in machine code. Computers at that time where mammoth machines that did not have the power our present day desktop microcomputers. In 1950, the first real-time, interactive computer was completed by a design team at MIT. The "Whirlwind Computer," as it was called, was a revamped U.S. Navy project for developing an aircraft simulator.
In 1984, the same year that Compaq introduced a PC that included Intel’s new and more powerful 80386 class of microprocessors, beating IBM to market and Michael Dell began building IBM compatible computers in his college dormitory, Lenovo was form as a shop in a small concrete bungalow in Beijing with a mandate to commercialize the Academy’s research and use the proceeds to further computer science research.
“In 1946, John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert developed the fastest computer at that time, the ENIAC I. It was built under the assistance of the US army, and it was used on military researches. The ENIAC I contained 17468 vacuum tubes, along with 70000 resistors, 10000 capacitors, 1500 relays, 6000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints. It covered 1800 square feet of floor space, weighed 3 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power.”(Bellis, Inventors of Modern Computer)
According to Parsons and Oja (2014), they state that a “microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions” (p 67).
Microprocessors are different to one another according to the manufacturer and technical specifications. The most important technical specifications of microprocessor are the type and processing speed. The type of microprocessor is defined by the internal structure and basic features .The microprocessors communicate with the rest of the system by means of buses. Buses are sets of parallel electronic conductors set of wires or tracks on the circuit board.
The next major improvement is the memory of a computer. This includes the hard drive and the RAM. During the same generation as the 386, there was also the hard drive and RAM. But these two components were not much then. The hard drive was about 100-300 megabytes and the RAM was about 4 megabytes.