Behaviourism Theory Essay
analytical Essay
1014 words
Behaviourism theory Behaviourism theory focuses on the behaviour that is observable. For behaviourism theory there is no need for internal mental processing, Acquisition of new behaviour through conditioning that occurs through interaction with the environment. For an example when the teacher ask a question the classroom to check whether the learners understand majority of learners in the classroom will raise their hands and that shows the do understand the so teacher can move to another chapter. The teaching methods that can be used for behaviourism theory are rote learning, lecturing and Drill and practice. Curriculum in behaviourism theory must organize objectives and clear outcomes. The view of learning for learners must be passive.
Behaviourism is a view that indicate that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environmental things in the world. The learner begins as a clean slate and behaviour is manner through positive or negative reinforcements. Both positive and negative reinforcements induces the probability that the antecedent behaviour will happen again. In contrast, punishment (both positive and negative) reduces the likelihood that the
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that behaviourism theory focuses on the behaviour that is observable. there is no need for internal mental processing, acquisition of new behaviour through conditioning that occurs through interaction with the environment.
- Explains that behaviourism is a view that indicate the learner is passive, responding to environmental things in the world. positive and negative reinforcements induce the probability that the antecedent behaviour will happen again.
- Explains that behaviourism precedes the cognitivist worldview and rejects structuralism and is an extension of logical positivism.
- Explains that cognitivist teaching methods aim to assist students in assimilating new information to existing knowledge, and enabling them to make appropriate modifications to their intellectual framework to accommodate that information.
- Argues that constructionism is a general term sometimes applied to theories that emphasize the socially created nature of social life.
If we accept constructivist theory, then we have to give up Platonic and all subsequent realistic views of epistemology. We have to recognize that there is no such thing as knowledge "out there" independent of the knower, but only knowledge we construct for ourselves as we learn. 4 Learning is not understanding the "true" nature of things, nor is it remembering dimly perceived perfect ideas, but rather a personal and social construction of meaning out of the bewildering array of sensations which have no order or structure besides the explanations (and I stress the plural) which we fabricate for
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- Flint Lockwood's Theory Of Behaviorismanalytical essayThe theory of behaviorism indicates a person’s behavior is a result of external stimuli and classic conditioning rather than a biological reason or internal drive. The behaviorist believes people are born with a blank slate and only develop personality as they are conditioned by external stimuli. Free will does not exist within the behaviorist theory because the external environment is what dictates an individual’s responses to situations. The key concepts of behaviorism is through reinforcement the personality is conditioned or taught to respond a particular way to the external environment. In the event a person has been conditioned to misbehave, they can be reconditioned through operant conditioning to respond differently to the external stimuli therefore causing the poor behavior to become extinct. Behaviorism indicates there is little difference in how a human or an animal is conditioned therefore a lot experimental analysis tested in behaviorism is completed on animals. The behaviorist creates an opportunity for scientific analysis of how personality is created through learning from experiences but removes the idea that each person is created especially unique through their DNA and inner spirit. A positive of the behaviorist approach is the potential for everyone to be reconditioned to be productive members of society (Friedman, Schustack, 2012).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that flint lockwood is the main character in the cartoon movie adaptation of the book, cloudy with a chance of meatballs.
- Explains that behaviorism is based on classical conditioning rather than biological reason or internal drive. the behaviorist believes people are born with a blank slate and only develop personality by external stimuli.
- Explains that flint lockwood was born and raised in the fishing town of swallow falls. his father owns a local sardine shop.
- Explains that flint's personality difference was a result of classic conditioning from his mother’s encouragement.
- Analyzes how flint's father created a very different environment for him. he only involved himself in the norm of his fishing society and expected flint to follow in his footsteps.
- Analyzes how flint's miscalculated inventions wreaking havoc on the town didn't help create the environment that encouraged positive relationships within the community. flint was conditioned to be nervous and socially awkward around people.
- Analyzes how flint's mother, the source of his love, conditioning, and encouragement, died when he was an adolescent. he became an attention seeker by believing if his invention was truly amazing and life altering everyone in the city would like him.
- Narrates how flint invents a machine that could make food with just commands on the keyboard. he was conditioned to believe he would only be accepted if his machine was working.
- Explains that flint was reconditioned to understand his dad did care for him regardless of where he ended up working. he also learned his father and friend samantha sparks could be the source of positive external stimuli.
- Explains how flint's personality, perceptions and driving force behind his decisions, had been developed by the external stimuli presented to him during his childhood years from his mother, father and classmates.
1211 wordsRead More - Challenging Behavior in People With Learning Disabilities Through a Psychological Perspectiveexplanatory essayBehaviourism is a theory of learning which suggests that all behaviours are obtained as a result of conditioning...
In this essay, the author
- Explains behaviourism as a psychological perspective that focuses on behaviour and its consequences which can be characterized by positive reinforcements.
- Explains that behavior modification is a structured, focused, time-limited, patient-centred approach and aims to train individuals through the use of particular responses.
- Explains behaviourism as a psychological perspective that focuses on behaviour and its consequences which can be characterized by positive reinforcements.
- Explains that behavior modification is a structured, focused, time-limited, patient-centred approach and aims to train individuals through the use of particular responses.
885 wordsRead More - Behaviorism Case Studyexplanatory essayChapter nine is mainly about behaviorism. Behaviorism is the theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus- response relationship. There are two things that could be observed and objectively measured, these two things are environmental stimulus and learner’s behaviors or response. Stimulus is a specific object or event that influences an individual’s learning or behavior. A response is a specific behavior that an individual exhibits. Behaviorist believe that people are born with a blank slate with no inherited tendency to behave on way or another. Over the years the environment slowly molds or conditions the slate so that it is no longer blank. Conditioning is the commonly used term by behaviorist for learning that typically involves specific environmental events leading to the acquisition of specific responses (Ellis, 2013, pg.265).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that behaviorism is the theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationship.
- Explains classical conditioning as a form of learning in which an involuntary response is acquired by two stimuli being presented close together in time.
- Opines that teachers need to consider where the student is coming from to see why they are behaving in a certain way.
736 wordsRead More - Theories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learningexplanatory essayBehaviourism main theorist included Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike who describes this theory as having a ‘stimulus and response’. Petty states, ‘learners are motivated by expected reward of some kind (such as praise or satisfied curiosity); learning will not take place without it’ (Petty, 2009:15-16). In addition, there should be immediate reinforcement otherwise this will cause a delay in learning. Another principle of behaviourism is the learning should be step by step and not all at once and by doing so the learner has successions of successes which increase their motivation that leads ‘to more complex behaviour’. Petty also states that ‘effective teachers stress key points and summarise them at the beginning and at the end of the class and, makes use of old learning in developing new learning’ (Petty, 2009:16).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that they will identify the main tenets of behaviourism, cognitive and humanist and state how each claims learning happens. they will analyze two principles and how they affect the way we plan and deliver learning.
- States petty's principle of behaviourism: learning should be step-by-step and not all at once. effective teachers stress key points and summarise them.
- States reece & walker states the behaviourism is teacher-centred and relies upon the expectation of the provision of a stimulus, however, students are often seen as passive.
- Compares skinner and pavlov's 'operant conditioning', arguing that learning is accelerated by reinforcement and is not reliant on what triggered the response but what immediately followed it. thorndike suggests a result of ‘pleasant consequences’
- Explains the principle of cognitivism, which is that learning takes place on the building of previous experience and the learning is focused on how we understand.
- Explains that the humanistic theory is based on the individual and their personal growth, and argues that learning cannot take place without both cognitive and affective domains involved.
- Explains that rogers reiterated maslow theory and stated that tutors should be themselves and not develop a façade. the focus is purely on the individual and is learner centred.
- Explains that they would use humanism, behaviourism, and cognitivism theories in their classroom. the decision on which theories to use is governed by what they need to reach, their learners abilities, language barriers, curriculum, time, what their learner enjoys and the best way to communicate.
- Explains that communication needs to be clear and translatable to support effective teaching and learning. they research aristotle and berlo model of communication.
- Explains that berlo states that communication contains the source (speaker), the message and the channel and finally the receiver / listener.
- Explains how aristotle states that communication takes place when the learner receives the message, by checking that the listener/learner has received and understood it makes the communication complete.
- Explains how berlo developed the theory of communication and includes other factors that are needed for successful communication to take place.
- Explains that berlo's model takes into account other factors as the channel and uses as many channels as possible to assist their communication with their learners.
- Explains that they include both aristotle and berlo's model of communication in their sessions with the appropriate learning checks and are constantly assessing if their communication has related the message correctly.
- Explains that they found learning the theories of learning and communication interesting and useful. they are now aware of how these theories support and influence teaching and learning.
- Explains that they have identified the main theories of learning, discussed tow theories and analysed how these impact on planning and delivery of their teaching, and reflected on the impact of these insights on their practice and professional development.
- Cites hillier, y., gould, j. (2012) learning theory and classroom practice in the lifelong learning sector.
- Explains petty, thomas, reece, i., and walker, s. teaching, training & learning, a practical guide, tyne and wear business education publishers ltd.
1966 wordsRead More - Behaviourist regards all behaviour as a response to stimuli. They assume that what we do is determined by the environments we are in which provides stimuli to which we respond and the environments we have been in the past which causes us to learn to respond to the stimuli in particular ways. Behaviourist learns by responding to a certain task. Pavlov states that Behaviourism is the association or pairing of a stimulus with a response. (Classroom notes)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cognitive development is a theory about the nature and development of human intelligence and how humans come gradually to acquire construct and use it.
- Explains piaget's theory that human behaviour starts with the organization of sensory motor reactions and becomes intelligent as co-ordination between the reactions to objects becomes progressively more interrelated and complex.
- Explains that behavior is a response to stimuli. behaviourists assume that what we do is determined by the environments we are in which we respond and the environment we have been in the past.
- Explains that humanism focuses on human freedom, dignity, and potential. this is in contrast to the behaviourist notion of operative conditioning. maslow sees learning to be self actualisation.
- Explains that the two theories they will be looking at are behaviorism and humanist. teaching and learning can be supported by demonstrations and giving learners the freedom to experience their own way of learning.
- Explains that humanist behaviour can be supported through lectures and allowing learners to work on their own by giving them problem solving activities.
- Explains that learners learn by receiving feedback. they are asked to do consultations forms before commencing a beauty treatment with their clients.
- Quotes carl rogers, a clinical psychologist, who states that it is the client who knows what hurts and what direction to go.
- Explains that they will be looking at behaviourism and humanists when planning lessons. they make sure all learners have the equal chance to ask questions and get different opportunities to work alone, in pairs and group work.
- Explains that inclusive approaches could be demonstrated by doing an initial assessment to recognise any needs or concerns. learners need a variety of activities to help them learn, such as worksheets, discussions, homework, and individual research.
- Explains that learning style research has shown a lot of debate. on the one hand learning styles show good practice for the professionals. by considering different styles, they are often able to improve learning and reach more learners.
- Opines that confusion has led some researchers to urge appropriate caution in using learning styles.
- Opines that using good varied activities for all theories is far more important for learners to be able to get the best form of learning.
- Opines that learning styles should be used with caution. they emphasize the importance of motivating learners through praise and constructive feedback.
- Explains how they give learners the opportunity to use verbal communication when giving feedback to clients and completing consultation forms. they can then assess this by listening to what they say.
- Explains that adults are motivated to learn to the extent that they believe learning will help them perform tasks or deal with problems in their lives. they learn better when presented with tasks which relate to real life situations.
- Explains that adults have different characteristics of learning. they believe anyone can learn anything if they are motivated and willing to learn.
1093 wordsRead More - An Watermarked Blackbox? : There is more to human organism than an invisible blackbox.analytical essayRegardless of any learning situations such as a school, house, and even a military or corporation setting, etc., in our real life we make the most of behaviorism as a way to instruct a certain desirable behavior, which is apparent and observable. As seen in a little vignette above, most instances where we exploit behaviorism aim largely at a behavior change and management. In a sense, behaviorist approach to teaching and learning more or less takes the form of training or discipline with having a clear goal, thus producing an intended learning outcome by conditioning the environmental events. As such, no matter what internal process is going on in human learning, the primary concern of behaviorist view of learning is with establishing the association between consequence and stimulus (i.e., S-R association mechanics).
In this essay, the author
- Narrates how bk and his wife have been talking a lot about how they can teach their kids to clean up their room. after learning about operant conditioning from his school, he decided to use reinforcement strategies in an attempt to change his kids’ behavior.
- Explains that behaviorism is a way of instructing desirable behavior, which is apparent and observable, in real life. it takes the form of training or discipline, producing an intended learning outcome by conditioning the environmental events.
- Explains that behavior management and mechanics are critical for learning, such as in a math class. by practicing and drill, learners are shaped to find the right answer.
- Analyzes how the mechanics of behaviorist learning plays a pivotal role in the way to teach in an age of overemphasis on standardized tests.
- Analyzes how bk's reinforcement strategy has been working well, but he noticed that his little son imitates what his older sister cleans up the room.
- Analyzes how social cognitive theory is in line with the behaviorist view of learning, in that it takes personal factors into account to address how humans learn.
- Analyzes how bk's son learned how to clean up his room by observing and imitating on what his sister did. vicarious reinforcements come into being, forming the expectation of the consequences of such behaviors.
- Explains that in social cognitive theory, human cognitions affect learning in a large extent, as opposed to behaviorist view of learning. however, this theory still draws on reinforcement contingencies.
- Explains that social cognitive theory, unlike behaviorism, would focus on personal attributes, meaning that it is critical to take people's belief and expectation into account in terms of learning mechanics.
- Explains that behaviorism and social cognitive theory are aiming at the same target, which is an observable behavior change. however, there is a profound difference in the way to reach such consequences of behaviors.
1237 wordsRead More - Support Interactionism In Childrenexplanatory essayBehaviourism involves children learning through imitation and developing language from outsider sources such as parents and the living environment around them. Behaviourism is seen as the nurture side.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that language is instrumental in fulfilling a speaker's need for food, drink, and comfort.
- Explains that language is used to explore the imagination and may also accompany play as children create imaginary worlds or arise from storytelling.
- Explains that babbling is a stage in child development and language acquisition when children are experimenting with sounds but cannot produce proper words.
- Explains that the one word stage is the second stage of language acquisition, when toddlers begin to imitate sounds and put sounds to meaning.
- Explains that the two word stage is the third stage, when toddlers combine new words together to make sentences but they are only two words.
- Explains that the telegraphic stage is the final stage of language acquisition. children are able to piece together a few words together.
- Explains that interactionism is a combination of behaviourism and innatism. behaviourism involves children learning through imitation and developing language from outsider sources.
- Opines that children are born with an instinctive ability to solve linguistic puzzles and they have a natural ability. they support interactionism as it combines both aspects of behaviourism and innatism.
- Explains that children learn sounds in a systematic way. they identify patterns in words but don't use the correct phonemes.
- Explains that learning a second language occurs in the conscious state of the brain, whereas acquiring language happens subconsciously.
1283 wordsRead More - Behaviorism: Types, History, and Todayexplanatory essayBehaviorism is one of the many schools of psychology and it has one main overall focus. The main overall focus is it studies how a human behaves and is supposed to behave in order to detect human behavior discrepancies. As a behaviorist view, everything you see has a set behavior and should perform a certain, similar to robots. Watson stated that “psychology as a behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is … prediction and control” (1913, p.158).
In this essay, the author
- Explains how pavlov used tones, bells, buzzers, lights, and other noises in his condition experiments. he tested classical conditioning along with the responses the dog was to give off.
- Describes how john b. watson and rosalie rayner conducted a study to prove that fear could be classically conditioned.
- Explains skinner's concept of successive approximations, which is a series of gradual steps that are more similar to the final desired response.
- Explains skinner's experiment with a rat and rations, and the goal of the book, about behaviorism, was to open the eyes of people that was clouded from the views of other people.
- Explains that edward thorndike and albert bandura created the law of effect and the bobo doll study. today behaviorism is lying dormant with scientists.
- Explains that behaviorism is one of the many schools of psychology and it studies how a human behaves and is supposed to behave in order to detect human behavior discrepancies.
- Explains skinner's book about behaviorism, which covers the basics of the subject.
- Cites graham, george, and thorndike, e. l., "behaviorism" in the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
2279 wordsRead More - The behaviourist theory also has substance as I believe the environment shapes us, “Central to this perspective is the role of the environment: language learning requires an environment that is rich in experience and language and that provides models
In this essay, the author
- Opines that both sides of the naturist vs behaviourist theorists have justification and reasoning with their language acquisition theories. chomsky's idea of each child being born with a brain capacity language-acquisition device is interesting and remarkable.
- Opines that the behaviourist theory has substance as they believe the environment shapes us. language learning requires an environment rich in experience and language and that provides models of language that children imitate.
150 wordsRead More - Theories and Principles for Planning and Enabling Learningexplanatory essayBehaviourism is where a person learns through responding to stimuli so as to optimise their own situation. This means that humans have a need to learn so by adapting to a changing environment around to be able to survive. For instance a learner who has some sensory impairment will adapt their own learning styles to accommodate for this barrier by adapting method and using experience they are able to achieve the same learning outcomes as other learners.
In this essay, the author
- Explains pavlov's methods of reinforcement of behavior like the dogs using classical conditioning.
- Explains thorndike’s ‘trial and error’ approach to learning is best suited for learning psychomotor skills, whereby learners experiment with different options until they find one that works.
- Explains the psychology of learning and the theories they use in their practice.
- Explains that rogers' theory was the promotion of self-concept. he advocated that humans grow through experience and become independent.
- Explains laird's theory of how learners absorb new information and apply it to their learning. visual aids aren't sufficient for learners with visual impairments.
2333 wordsRead More - Explain One Of The Key Components Of Behaviorismexplanatory essayAs a counselor I see myself following behavioral perspective which is learning and behavior described and explained in terms of stimulus-responsive relationships. One of the key components of behaviorism is that the environment influences the behavior. People’s behavior is a result of their interaction with the environment. People become conditioned and molded to respond in certain ways based on responses like feedback, praise, and rewards. Behavior is focused on observable events rather than events that occur inside a person’s head such as thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. Theorist believe that learning has not occurred unless an observable change has occurred.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that behavioral perspective is learning and behavior described and explained in terms of stimulus-responsive relationships. people's behavior is a result of their interaction with the environment.
- Explains that any breathing animal has certain needs that must be met for it to survive. if these criteria are met, the animal will be able to withstand a level of homeostasis.
- Explains that the drive for homeostasis affects the actions of an individual in another way.
- Explains how neal miller created the theory of operant conditioning, which states that an individual can be taught to do something because they are working towards or against a specific action.
- Explains the theory of incentive motivation, which states that an individual can be motivated to action by something that is outside of themselves.
- Illustrates how different types of motivation can be used to understand why a person will act the way they do.
- Analyzes how andrew's motivation could be improved if his mother offered him a new car in exchange for 5 on his exam.
- Explains that the old theory, though sometimes considered outdated, still has advantages as a way of understanding the reasons that an individual will act the way that they do.
601 wordsRead More - Core Area Of Behaviourism Essayexplanatory essayBehaviourism is the study of human and animal behaviour. It was introduced by John. B. Watson, an American psychologist who insisted behaviour is a psychological reaction to environmental stimuli (Gerrig, Zimbardo, Campbell, Cumming, Wilkes, 2011). The theory is based on the idea that behaviour is conditioned. There are two types of condition, classical and operant. Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike’s conditioned reflex experiments were central to the development of behaviourism (Alan & Bhattacharya, 2002). In the 1890’s Pavlov carried out experiments on which involved conditioning, he implanted a device into the dogs to measure their salvia flow when being fed. (Collin et al., 2011). Pavlov noticed that the dogs salivated not only when they were being fed, but when they could see or smell the food. This led to Pavlov to further experimentation using conditioning (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner & Hood, 2012).
In this essay, the author
- Introduces behaviourism, which is the study of human and animal behaviour. it was introduced by john b. watson, who insisted that behaviour is a psychological reaction to environmental stimuli.
- Explains pavlov's idea that dogs don't need to learn unconditioned behaviours, such as salivating, by measuring salvia flow when presented with food.
- Describes the little albert experiment conducted by watson and his research assistant rayner to see if it is possible to learn a child's fear.
478 wordsRead More - Criticism Of Behaviourism In Psychologyanalytical essayThroughout the twentieth century, behaviourism, which constitutes a school of psychology proposing that all learning arises from behavioral conditioning and is based on the belief that all responses can be measured and interpreted through reflexes conditioned by means of reward and punishment (Lefrancois, 2012), has been the subject of rigorous debate and criticism. Several researchers have argued that in recent years there has been a significant decline in the intellectual influence of behaviourism; with many even stating that it no longer has any influence or position in contemporary psychology (Evans, 1999), while others seem to debate that behaviourism continues to have an enduring influence in a wide variety of psychological disciplines
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the contemporary field of behavior analysis has been the subject of extensive and continuous research, resulting in a substantial and well-structured body of scientific literature.
- Explains that the behavioural model of abnormality, which concentrates entirely on behaviours and views people as the sum total of their learned behaviour, gave rise to a treatment model which attempts to explain and treat psychological disorders.
- Analyzes how behaviourism, a school of psychology based on the belief that all learning arises from behavioral conditioning, has been the subject of rigorous debate and criticism.
- Evaluates the effectiveness of behavioural therapy in autism, stating that it has been effectively incorporated into contemporary clinical psychology.
1615 wordsRead More