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History and Systems of Psychology
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Behaviourist learning
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes even beggar man and thief (Watson, 2013) The thought behind behaviourist learning is that we are all a blank canvas. Our behaviour is a result of positive and negative reinforcement.
The behaviourist view is that the educators, elders etc are the people who transmit and reinforce learning and correct behaviour to the unlearned. Knowledge is given and received.
If a child does something wrong we scald them so that in future they will not do it again. In the work place
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However if they break the speed limit, drive dangerously etc they will get fines, or even arrested, negative reinforcement.
Nevid shows that Pavlov and Skinner believed behaviour must be observed, recorded and measured (Nevid, 2005). Pavlov used dogs and Skinner used rats to show this. They believed that humans and animals act much the same in these circumstances.
In Skinners experiments when a rat touched a lever it would receive food. This was the rat learning by positive reinforcement. However giving the rat an electric shock when he touched the lever showed the rat learning by negative reinforcement.
The seemingly basic case of stimulus-response conditioning - Pavlov’s dog who having had a ringing bell and a piece of meat presented in quick succession several times comes to salivate for the bell alone shows how common it is to integrate cause and effect (Fauconnier, 2000)
If the behaviourist view was correct all humans would act the same if thought in the same way.
If you are to believe this behaviourist view all people will act the same if thought the
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B., 2013. Behaviorism. In: Behaviorism. s.l.:Read Books Ltd, p. 20.
References
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[Accessed Tuesday February 2016]. businessdictionary.com, 2016. businessdictionary. [Online]
Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/social-learning.html
[Accessed 22/2/2016 February 2016].
Fauconnier, G. a. T., 2000. Compression and global insight. [Online]
Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Turner10/publication/228300102_Compression_and_Global_Insight/links/00b4952b9be5e70f85000000.pdf
[Accessed 22/2/2016 February 2016].
Hurst, M., 2003. study.com. [Online]
Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/behavioral-cognitive-developmental-social-cognitive-constructivist-perspectives.html
[Accessed 22/2/2016 February 2016].
Nevid, J. S., 2005. Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications. In: Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications. s.l.:Wadsworth, pp. 6-7.
Watson, J. B., 2013. Behaviorism. In: Behaviorism. s.l.:Read Books Ltd, p.
Behaviorism, or learning theory is one of three “grand theories” of human development. The focus of behaviorism is observable behavior, with no reference to mental processes. As a learning theory behaviorism, assumes that learning occurs via interactions with the environment, through the process of conditioning.
The behaviorist theory is a theory of psychology that emerged in the early twentieth century that was a response to a number of predictions regarding observable behaviors. A majority of the theory concerned itself on the behavior of animals and humans, on the physical, observable behavior, not the unobservable events. Psychologists believe that us as learners start off with a clean slate and our behavior is shaped by the environment we are brought and raised in, therefore, our behavior is formed by positive and negative factors we create while growing in our environment. Our observable behavior is linked to our thinking and our emotions we give off. Psychologists have studied that there is little difference recorded from the thoughts and emotions that take place in a humans mind and from an animals. An individual has no free will and their environment determines the type of the behavior they have. Everyone’s environment they live in is teaching the behavior individuals have. Internally, our behaviors are a result of stimuli. The stimulus causes the reaction and what reaction that wil...
In 1913 a new movement in psychology appeared, Behaviorism. “Introduced by John Broadus Watson when he published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it.” Consequently, Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying ‘rules’: Psychology should be seen as a science; Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events, like thinking and emotion; People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior; Behavior is the result of stimulus resulting in a response; and All behavior is learned from the environment. How we process these stimuli and learn from our surrounds
The quote from the famous psychologist John B. Watson essentially sums up behaviourism. Behaviourism refers to the school of psychology founded by Watson, established on the fact that behaviours can be measured and observed (Watson, 1993). In behaviourism, there is a strong emphasis that the acquisition of learning, or permanent change in behaviour, is by external manifestation. Thus, any individual differences in behaviours observed was more likely due to experiences, and not by the working of genes. As the quote suggest, any individuals can be potentially trained to perform any tasks through the right conditioning. There are two major types of conditioning, classical and operant conditioning (Cacioppo & Freberg, 2012).
Standridge, M.. (2002). Behaviorism. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology. Retrieved May 9, 2012 from http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/
The Behaviourist and Psychodynamic perspective are based on experiences during childhood. John B. Watson arose with the Behaviourist perspective affirming that the aggressive behaviour is learnt by environment as well as an external approach trough observation. Referent to the above, the children as well as the animals imitate behaviour from adults and people, we are saying this by an experiment performed
I don’t feel that behaviorism alone can define people on their interaction with the environment they are presented. Freud was on psychologist who voiced concerns to this as well. Freud believed that while environmental factors help to shake who we are as human beings, the subconscious mind is much more influential in the shaping of personality and behavior.
... are determined by the stimuli in the environment we are in. Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learned and in turn can be unlearned by pinpointing the stimulus which is provoking the behaviour and changing the individuals learned response towards it.
Behaviourism is where a person learns through responding to stimuli so as to optimise their own situation. This means that humans have a need to learn so by adapting to a changing environment around to be able to survive. For instance a learner who has some sensory impairment will adapt their own learning styles to accommodate for this barrier by adapting method and using experience they are able to achieve the same learning outcomes as other learners.
The strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate. After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own...
There are many practical applications of the behaviourist approach, including in education, child rearing, treating phobias and advertising, using behaviourist theories to influence societies on a large scale (McLeod 2015). It is very scientific, using repeatable experiments to prove theories on behaviour and puts a strong emphasis on objective measurement (McLeod 2015). It can be used to explain a great quantity of human behaviour, using a small amount of scientifically studied theories (Hill
Behaviorists believed that actions were responses to stimuli that were learned. The basic concept was that positive responses would be triggered by good stimuli while negative responses would could from bad stimuli. Actions that would produce positive results tended to repeated, while those that led to negative results tended to be avoided.
Behaviorism is a learning theory or a developmental theory that measures observable behaviors that are produced by the learner’s response to stimuli. On one end of the spectrum behaviorism is known as an attitude. At the other end, it is known as a doctrine. According to the behavioral views of human development, behaviorists argued that to focus attention on unobservable constructs, such as emotions, thoughts, or the unconscious, was an unscientific approach.(Craig & Dunn, Ex.: 2010)
The main instance that I use behaviorism in my classroom is through positive reinforcement. I praise, praise, praise my students all day. Students who are such young learners receive much motivation when they hear praise and specific praise at that. It allows them to be eager to please their teacher and provides a sense of self-accomplishment. In my classroom, I also use a treasure chest, reward coupons and PBIS reward money as major components of positive reinforcement. At the beginning of the year, I teach my students my classroom expectations and that I expect the best from them. This includes all of their daily work, including journal writing, morning work, etc. My students know what my desired outcome is. Student’s behavioral efforts are measured and collected on a weekly basis through a behavior chart. Their assignments are measured on accuracy and completeness in order to help them recognize the importance of their effort in finishing an assignment. I utilize a rubric on many of my assignments in order to help them achieve their best. Their meeting certain standards on their weekly behavior chart allows them to receive
This essay will first explore what classical conditioning is by using Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs to explain how it works. It will then go on to describe how classical conditioning led to more research by Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner in the study of instrumental behaviour (Gleitman et al. 2011). It will also mention briefly what similarities can be found between operant and classical conditioning before explaining in detail what operant conditioning is (Skinner’s experiment with the operant