Atterberg limit test is basic measurement of critical water contents of a fine-grained soil, such as its shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit. In this study, atteberg limit test only focused on the plastic limit and liquid limit test in order to obtain Plasticity Index (PI). PI value can be considered as the plasticity grade of a soil. The Plasticty Index is the size of the water range contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. Plasticity Index obtained by calculate the difference beyween the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, lower PI tend to be silt, and PI with 0 value (non plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay. Atterberg limit test properties shown in Figure
Generally pycnometer is made of glass, with a clos-fitting ground glass stopper with capillary tube through it, so that air bubbles mas escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid density to be measured through an appropriate working fluid, such as mercury or water, using analytical balance. When the flask weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, then relative density can be easily calculated. The specific gravity results show that subsoil specific gravity varies between 2.45 and 2.7. Pycnometer analysis work system shown in Figure 12. Figure 12 Pycnometer Work System
3.6 Standard Proctor Test
Proctor test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve it’s maximum dry density. The main principle of the test is compaction process by which the bulk density of an aggregate of matter is increased by driving out air. For any soil , for a given amount of compactive effort, the density obtained depends on the moisture content. Standard proctor test properties shown in The test show that moisture content is between 3.9 % and 18.2 %. Standard proctor test properties shown in Figure 13. Figure 13 Standard Proctor Test Properties
3.7 Falling Head Permeability
When the liquid level is above the calibration line on the pipette, remove the bulb quickly and put your thumb or index finger over the pipette. Carefully “roll” finger to the side and allow the liquid to drop until the meniscus is level with the mark. Then hold the pipette over the flask to receive the liquid and remove the finger. Allow the liquid to drain out.
Mississippi has a variety of different soils .The three general soils are 1) the river flood plain, known as the Delta, 2) a loess region, or bands of soils formed in windblown material that adjoins the Delta, and 3) Coastal Plain. The Mississippi Delta is better for growing row crop, while the loess and Coastal Plain region are better for animal production and forestry. The loess and Coastal Plain regions are divided based on similar soils, geology, climate, water resources, and land use called Major Land Resource Areas. The Mississippi Delta’s soil comes from sediments left by flooding various rivers in the region, rather than being a typical Delta formed by the mouth of a river. In the Delta most of the land is farmed, with three-fourths of the cropland to the north. Controlling surface water and drainage are major soil management issues. In the Delta soils are naturally diverse because of their alluvial origin. Particle sizes within the sediment decrease as distance from the originating stream increase. Another factor in Delta soil formation us surface water movement over time, because soils that formed under standing water have different properties than soils formed under moving water. Soils with large amounts of clay particles have unique features. When the soil is dry, small round aggregates form at the surface that look like shotgun buckshot, which is where the popular name for Delta clay soils “buckshot” came from. Soils with large clay content have very slow water filtration rates; this has led to significant aquaculture and rice production in the region. When floodwaters receded in the Delta, strong winds blew some of the dry sediment left by flooded river to the adjacent uplands to form the loess areas. Because of eas...
These soils are not as developed as other soil orders. Some soils that are categorized within Inceptisols that are common to this area are: Commerce, Mhoon, and Sharky. Commerce soils are found on the levee, composed of sand and silt, and are well-drained. Mhoon soils are found on the lower levee, composed of silty clay, and are poorly drained. Sharky soils are found in the backswamps, are very high in clay, and are poorly drained. However, there is a small portion of the western part of the parish that is of the Alfisol soil order. Alfisols are more developed than Inceptisols in such a way that there are more horizon distinctions that are visible. In the subsoil, there is an accumulation of clay and a dense layer which prevents a lot of leaching of materials from the surface. These soils tend to have the presence of aluminum and iron oxides throughout the soil profile. All the soils that are in this region each support different types of
The purpose of this lab was to determine the density of water and an unknown liquid, along with a rectangular solid and an irregular shaped solid. In this lab, the relative density was calculated and then used to make an educated guess on the substance. Density is the relationship between the mass of a substance and the amount of space taken up. This measurement is influenced by the mass of atoms, the size, and how they are arranged. The density of the four objects was determined by using the mass (g) and volume (mL or c3). Mass is the property of matter that measures its resistance to acceleration. In addition, volume is the amount of space that a substance or object occupies. Finally, the mass (g) was divided by the volume (mL or c3) to find the final density (g/mL or c3).
To complete the objective of this density lab, the following equipment were used two 600-mL beakers, 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask, hot plate, ring stand, 250-mL beaker, stirring rod, balance, Büchner funnel, filter paper, stopper, water aspirator, watch glass, fume hood, 10 mL and 50 mL graduated cylinder.
Check if there are any leaks especially around the stopcock, the valve at the bottom of the buret. When it comes to calibration, it is calibrated by transferring water into an Erlenmeyer flask and weighing it using an analytical balance. This is done for two (2) trials, each with varying amounts of water. Erlenmeyer’s mass is pre-recorded before transferring water from the buret. The volume delivered by the buret is considered the apparent, which means evident, volume. Before starting another set, the flask should be clean and dry to avoid any error. The water inside the flask will add the volume to be transferred thus making the mass of water higher than what it should really be. The mass of water obtained thru weighing by difference would then be multiplied to the buoyancy of water at the recorded temperature which will then be the corrected mass of the water. The corrected mass of the water is then divided by the density of the water, at the same temperature, and will be considered as the true mass. Correction value can be obtained by solving for the difference between the true volume and the apparent volume. Some of the correction value computed are negative and it only means that there is an error that occurred. One of the possible errors in most volumetric glassware’s is reading the wrong volume. Volume must be read based on the lower meniscus at eye
Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden change in stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid. The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated, loose (low density), sandy soils. This is because the loose sand has a tendency to compress when a load is applied; dense sands by contrast tend to expand in volume. If the soil is saturated by water, then water fills the gaps between soil grains. In response to the soil compressing, this water increases in pressure and attempts to flow out from the soil to zones of low pressure (usually upward towards the ground surface). However, if the loading is rapidly applied and large enough, or is repeated many times (e.g. earthquake shaking, storm wave loading) such that it does not flow out in time before the next cycle of load is applied, the water pressures may build to an extent where they exceed the contact stresses between the grains of soil that keep them in contact with each other. These contacts between grains are the means by which the weight from buildings and overlying soil layers are transferred from the ground surface to layers of soil or rock at greater depths. This loss of soil structure causes it to lose all of its strength. According to the
Mining not only has an impact on the environment, but also on the inhabitants. Mining in the Canadian Shield mining is one of the main sources of human and economic activities, but in the process, can cause great harm as well . Some of the effects of open pit mining are topographic modifications, soil changes, surface water quality changes, groundwater quality changes, air quality changes, chemical residues, land Subsidence, cultural factors, including: aesthetic, noise, and visual effects, flora and fauna alterations, land use modifications and economic costs. The problems associated with in situ mining are many. The leaching liquid used for in-situ leaching may contain the leaching agent ammonium carbonate or sulfuric acid. The advantages of this technology are the reduced hazards for the employees from accidents, dust, and radiation, the low cost and no need for large uranium mill tailings deposits. The disadvantages of the in situ leaching technology are the risk of spreading of leaching liquid outside of the uranium deposit, involving subsequent groundwater contamination, the unpredictable impact of the leaching liquid on the rock of the deposit and the impossibility of restoring natural groundwater conditions after completion of the leaching operations. Moreover, in-situ leaching releases considerable amounts of radon, and produces certain amounts of waste slurries and waste water during recovery of the uranium
Then, we multiply the result by 100 to get a percentage number. An example calculation from the 5.00mL pipet is: ((5.00mL - 4.9178mL)/5.00mL)*100 = 1.6438%. The percent error allows us to see which type of glassware is the most accurate at measuring substances. From our results, we concluded that the variable auto pipettor was the most accurate, since it had the lowest percent error, at 0.0500%. The volumetric pipet, volumetric flask, and burette, all had similar percent errors at 1.0430%, 0.6394%, and 0.6619%, respectively. These results indicate that these glassware types are still very accurate. Next, the graduated cylinder had a percent error of 1.6400%, which is still relatively low, indicating that the graduated cylinder is also very accurate. The beaker and erlenmeyer flask both had higher percent errors, at 7.5218%, and 9.4146%, respectively. The beaker and the erlenmeyer flask were not accurate at measuring substances. This is perhaps because they are larger, and are meant to hold larger volumes of water, or they are meant to contain and pour substances. After finding out
(I): Rock masses yielding low water (WPT) and cement takes (CT) are practically tight and need no treatment:
Part A of the experiment, we were measuring the density of water. In this part, we measured by difference by measuring the mass of the empty graduated cylinder which was 46.35 grams and then added 25.0 milliliters of water to it. When subtracting by difference, our mass of the water was 25.85 grams. This was close to the measurements of the water added to the graduated cylinder. The density of the water was 1.0 grams/milliliters.
This type of gauges is particularly suitable for measurement of very low pressure or vacuum normally gases which are not corrosive to copper alloys. They are also confided in situations where gauges are exposed to mechanical vibration or pulsating pressure. They consist of smaller capsule of beryllium copper with option of mounting and connection M.S. case or cast aluminium weatherproof case. Standard pressure range in units of mmWC, mBar and inches of water
The barometer is a device for measuring the total pressure of the atmosphere. A primitive barometer can easily be constructed by taking a glass tube about a meter long, sealing one end, filling the tube completely with mercury, placing your thumb firmly over the open end, and carefully inverting the tube into an open dish filled with mercury. The mercury will fall to a height independent of the diameter of the tube and a vacuum will be created above it.
As a result of this process, the mine sites "do not develop normal soil structure or support the establishment of a plant cover". Many mine sites have...
The main parameters for distinguishing fissure is THL and GVR images by well. As it discussed previously the cut off for fissure is less than 20ft, based on well data. Secondary distinctive parameter is resistivity image, the fissure does not have a structure, and mainly it is perpendicular to wellbore and has a rugged surface, usually conductive. According the observations fissures can be filled with sand or clay, and mixed. The figures #39 and #40 shows the distance from surface of shaly and sandy fissures. As you see from the figures, there is no difference between clean sand and shaly sand fissures in distance to top Shuaiba surface. The main message that fissures are mostly sand filled, that might create a high permeability zones in Shuaiba. Figure #14 shows the non-scaled distribution along the wellbore fissures, based on well data the average THL of fissure 8ft, and thickness around 80ft, which means the distribution of clastic zones in Shu9A. There is an one evidence when fissure with a high permeability, based on