Chapter-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Concrete behaves as a back bone to nations building team. Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement, and water. There are many formulations, which provide varied properties. But one of the disadvantages with the conventional concrete is high self weight of concrete. This heavy weight will make it some extent uneconomical structural material. Many attempts made in the past to reduce the self weight to increase the efficiency of concrete. The lightweight concrete is the concrete whose density varies from 300-1850 kg/m3. It helps in reduction in dead load, increase progress of building and lowers handling cost. Another important characteristic is the relativity low thermal conductivity which increases with decreasing densities. It can be achieved in actual practice by three ways-
• By replacing usual aggregate by lightweight aggregates.
• By entraining air bubbles or gas in mortar.
• By omitting sand fraction from the aggregate
The literature review on the all these the methods of producing lightweight concrete is as follows
2.1. Lightweight Concrete Using Lightweight Aggregates
Byard[1] focused on the early age behavior of the
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Of the two methods were by replacing the normal aggregates by lightweight aggregates and the other by introducing air entraining agents to increase the volume of the mix. Many light weight aggregates like pumice stone, blast furnace slag, slate and metakaolin. Use of these aggregates to some extend did not show much variation in compressive strength of concrete. The other material used as replacement to aggregates was the EPS beads. These beads reduced the weight of concrete by large amount but also affected the strength of concrete
...e recycle system to be constantly upgraded with the latest technology when it comes on the market.
The participants of “Sidewalk” are Howard, Conrad, Jerome, Shorty, Joe Garbage, Butterroll, Alice, Ron, Jamaane, Marvin, Keith, Grady, Ishmael, and Mudrick and other vendors on Sixth Avenue in Greenwich Village who struggle to with their economic status, on how they struggled in the wake of new economic era and political realities.
Many people go through tough struggles in their lives, but no one really sees it, and most of the time no one really cares. The Rose That Grew From Concrete was written by Tupac Shakur. In this poem the author uses conflict, the characters, and mood to illustrate that just because something shouldn’t happen doesn’t mean that it won’t happen.
In the beginning of the story, the narrator feels very uncomfortable knowing that he will
What is happiness? Do people actually have the right to have happiness in their lives? “Cathedral” by Raymond Carver follows the story of the narrator’s jealousy, and ignorance towards his wife’s relationship with Robert a blind man she used to work for. The narrator’s jealousy towards Robert grows with apprehension towards his upcoming visit to their home on his way to see his in-laws. When Robert arrives, however, the narrator begins to warm up to the man he had previously thought very little of. The narrator soon sees that his beliefs and arrogance towards Robert were wrong and miss guided. Despite the narrators earlier suspensions the two men begin to get along, leading the narrator to bring his guard down, and open up.
Concrete poetry presents its readers with a unique and often confounding situation. In addition to using language or parts of language in non-traditional ways, concrete poetry also uses elements that are more commonly associated with visual art. However, concrete poetry is not visual art. It is still concerned, primarily, with the use of language, generally to communicate some meaning to the reader in a way that is undeniably linguistic in nature. Concrete poetry is therefore an especially unique genre that draws upon and incorporates many different concepts from a variety of disciplines in order to fill in the gaps left when traditional grammar and syntax are eschewed.
Home Depot was founded in 1978 by Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank in Atlanta, Georgia. With their store, Marcus and Blank revolutionized the do-it-yourself home improvement market in the United States. Home Depot began as a very basic store, operated in a large, no-frills warehouse. Home Depot carries over 35,000 products, with national brand names along with the Home Depot brand. At the start, Home Depot was able to offer exceptional customer service with knowledgeable employees who could guide customers through home renovation projects. Since its opening, Home Depot has experienced incredible growth, and today is North America's second largest retailer, and the largest home improvement retailer. Internationally, Home Depot has expanded into Canada, Mexico, and is beginning to operate stores in China. Home Depot's competition includes Sears, Ace Hardware and Lowes (the main competitor).
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
Gravel To Tempo is a song by dream and synth pop artist, Hayley Kiyoko. The music video explains the meaning behind the song, with Kiyoko portraying herself and her own feelings about her struggle with her identity. I think the music video is important, because it reveals the internal struggle of LGBT youth coming to terms with who they are, especially LGBT women. By doing this, Kiyoko created a song that 's relevant to my own experiences, and speaks out to everyone, especially LGBT youth, to just be who you are and find freedom in that.
Concrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
Now a days HPC is expensive than conventional concrete. It require additional materials in some quantities as to meet specified performance.These additional materials are cement,silica fume,...
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Through investigating the various properties of Cement/Concrete/Mortar, Glass, and Ceramics/Porcelain I have come to understand the chemical composition, type of bond, structure, and the daily use of each of the substances. Cement is composed of calcium which usually is acquired from limestone and silicon which is usually from sand, shale or clay (aluminosilicates). The structure of cement is in between the two extremes of an ionic and a covalent model. It is between an ionic oxide lattice and a tetrahedral covalent network. Cement when wet or when dry has both cohesive and adhesive properties. Concrete is created through the mixture of cement (filler), fine and coarse aggregate (binder), and water. With the characteristics of these materials, concrete’s type of bond attributes to its high thermal insulation properties and the strength of the material itself. Concrete is used for building materials and due to its thermal insulation properties as insulators. Mortar is a mixture of cementitious materials, water, and aggregate. For commercial use in buildings and constructions, it is useful by having water retentivity and its strength after stiffening and hardening. In addition, the content in the mortar of cement as well as air content affects the strength of the tensile bond between the mortar and the masonry. Due to the materials that compose mortar, it developed a chemical structure that is similar to its components. Also, in daily use, mortar is used for construction for buildings to attach segments together.
The Development of Concrete and Arches Concrete and arches. These two items were intrinsic to Roman architectural success. It can be noted, in fact, that the concrete of the Romans, pozzolanic concrete, was far superior to modern "Portland" concrete, able to withstand more strain, last longer, and survive more of nature and man's collective brutalities. In terms of arches, the Romans did not create the arch, but they darn near perfected it, making exemplary use of their materials and workmanship to make aesthetically pleasing, but inherently useful, structures that relied on the arch.
Pakistan’s cement industry is used to produce concrete, the most desirable construction material. It is used in the construction of roads, railways, bridges, houses, buildings etc.