Abstract: An antagonist is a drug that blocks the response to an agonist drug. An agonist is a drug that elicits a response when it is administered to a tissue. The aim of the investigation was to compare the actions that the agonist, carbachol and antagonist, atropine has at muscarinic receptors on rat ileum. A concentration-response curve was determined with a cumulative concentration of agonist, expressed as a sigmoidal curve with an sub-maximal response (EC70) value of 5.5x10-6 M. As the agonist concentration increased to 5x10-6 M, the magnitude of the tissue response increased. This was approximately linear between 20% and 80% of the maximum response. The percentage reduction from the EC70 was determined in the presence of the antagonist, …show more content…
Gut baths can be used to produce quantitative responses and convert those responses to chemical or electrical stimulations by the use of an isometric transducer and these stimulations are shows on a computer. Agonists are compounds that produce a response when administered to a particular tissue. The response that are recorded are directly proportional to the concentration of drug administered. Antagonists are compounds that interact with a set of receptors and form a complex, but no response is elicited. When an effective concentration of the antagonist is administered, this complex prevents the agonist from binding to the receptor and can therefore reduce the agonist response (Dale et al., 2012). The agonist, carbachol and antagonist, atropine are used to show the different responses that is has on a rat ileum. Carbachol is a cholinergic agonist as it binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine and stimulates them, causing a smooth muscle contraction. It is not absorbed well in the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Atropine is non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist and is absorbed well in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a reversible competitive antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and blocks the effects of carbachol, the agonist occupancy at a given agonist concentration is reduced as the receptor can only accommodate one molecule at a time (Dale et al., 2012). The aim of …show more content…
A two centimeter piece of rat ileum was cut and placed in a Krebs-Henseleit physiological saline in a petri dish and was kept oxygenated. A needle was threaded with cotton at one end of the ileum and three knots were done to form a small loop. A needle was threaded on the other end of the ileum, a knot was done and two equal lengths of cotton were left. The first loop formed was hooked at the bottom of the tissue holder and lowered into the organ bath. The two equal lengths of cotton were then tied to the hook at the bottom of the isometric transducer and the tension was adjusted to 0.5g. The tissue was rinsed several times and let to equilibrate for 15 minutes. The program LabChart 7 was used to record the trace. A carbachol solution (1x10-2 M) was diluted to concentrations of 5x10-3, 5x10-4, 5x10-5 and 5x10-6. An atropine solution (1x10-3 M) was diluted to concentrations of 5x10-4, 5x10-5, 5x10-6 and 5x10-7. In order to construct an agonist concentration response curve, carbachol concentrations were added to the gut bath in a cumulatively dosing regime (Table 1). After a single concentration was added and a response has elicited, the second dosage was only added once the response reaches a plateau. Once the maximum contraction of the tissue was observed, the tissue was rinsed and allowed to recover. These results obtained (the response in grams) were used to calculate the maximum response
Antiarrhythmic agents are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart. Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents. There is a problem from the fact that many of the antiarrhythmic agents have multiple actions, making any classification accurate. Betapace (sotalol) comes in tablets and solution for oral a...
Tape Flashlight Cotton swab Tuning fork Tongue depressor Ruler. Procedure- I did a series of behavior tests on my partner Jazmine Cooley to test her cranial nerves functions; I started with her olfactory nerve, I told her to close her eyes and I placed the container of substance under her nose, I told her to inhale through one of her nostrils and then I did the same procedure with her other nostril. Next, I tested Jazmine’s optic nerve, which we walked over to the standardized eye chart and I told her to close her right eye so she could use her left eye to do the vision test. I also used a ruler to point at each letter as she read out loud what letter she could see.
This paper discusses pharmacology and terminology related to “Pharmacology” which is the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs“ pharmacology. 2015. In Merriam-Webster.com. The study of different classes of drugs, routes of absorption, and drugs have effects on those consuming them. There are drugs that are necessary for illnesses and healing but, there are medicines that cause concern regarding interaction and harming the body.
Let’s begin with the structure. The structure of Atenolol is as follows: its chemical formula is C14H22N2O3, its relative molecular mass is 266.3g, and its chemical name is (RS)-4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)phenylacetamide. The physical appearance of the drug itself is a white colored powder that is odorless. The way atenolol, as well as other beta-blockers, work, is that they affect the different beta-recptors located within the human body. Every human has a certain number of beta-receptors located throughout the body, in places such as the heart, lungs, brain, etc. When a person takes a dose of atenolol, it reacts with the beta-receptors to either calm anxiety or treat blood pressure, without altering a person’s actions.
When something changes in the inner environment it sends information to the receptor. The receptor sends information to the control center and then the control center sends instructions to the effector once the information is received from the control center it proceeds to either oppose or increase the stimulus. This process is designed to repeatedly work at restoring or maintaining homeostasis.
The most common and well described pain transmission is “gate control theory of pain”. This theory was first proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 whereby they used the analogy of gate to explain the inhibition of pain which exists within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. For instance, when tissue damage occurs, substances such as prostaglandin, serotonin, histamine and bradykinin are released from the injured cell. Individual usually consume or apply pain medications such as NSAIDs whereby these medications will cause electrical nerve impulse at the end of the sensory nerve fiber via nociceptor. Nociceptor is a pain receptor that is commonly found in the skin, cornea of eye and organ of motion such as muscles and ligaments. These nerve impulses
When a receptor is activated and the stimulus is taken to the hypothalamus and then relayed out to the “limbic system and neocortical areas…impulses stimulate the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous system,” which can cause an array of issues if not careful and if the stress signal is prolonged. (3)
When you are digesting food, smooth muscles contract your stomach. Is this controlled by the afferent or efferent division of the PNS? You can be even more specific than that. What would be the most specific way to describe the nerves involved in this situation?
...lution tasted as compared with pervious testing due to no prior documentation. This test also did not consider the amount of time it took for R2 to taste the solutions. Furthermore, this experiment does not test injury or defect in the brain that may effect the functioning of the facial nerve, but not actually be an issue with the nerve itself. While the hypothesis was substantiated for both subjects, more long term assessment or re-testing is necessary to assuredly confirm both R1 and R2 have in tact facial nerve functioning.
Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is found in common cold, non-prescription medications. This ingredient has been used as part of the process for making methamphetamine (meth). PSE was easily obtained until a law was passed to control how obtainable it is. Although this law has caused PSE to be harder to obtain, it does not make it difficult to obtain resulting in meth still being created easily. There is a need to federally regulate the obtainability of PSE such as making it a prescription drug.
Neurotransmitters can also produce their effects by modulating the production of other signal-transducing molecules ("second messengers"messengers") in the post-synaptic cells (Cooper, Bloom and Roth 1996). Nine compounds -- belonging to three chemical families -- are generally believed to function as neurotransmitters somewhere in the central nervous system (CNS) or periphery. In addition, certain other body chemicals, for example adenosine, histamine, enkephalins, endorphins, and epinephrine, have neurotransmitter-like properties, and many additional true neurotransmitters may await discovery.
Hence the methods used in the articles for evaluating gastroparesis were the scintigraphy studies of their subjects.2-3, 9-12 A number of other studies conducted their research by giving surveys to their subject to evaluate diet,12-14 symptoms,10,11,8 BMI,11 anxiety level10 and physical activity.11 Yang et al.15 conducted systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials15 whereas Broges et al.9 completed retrospective studies of past patients 9 and Patrick et al6 did a systematic web-based review of literature about gastroparesis.6 Several studies pulled their patient population from databases.3,11,15 Hence for my presentation I will evaluate and write my paper based on the information that these researchers have gleaned from their
When an agonist contracts, in order to cause the desired motion, it usually forces the antagonists to relax (see section Cooperating Muscle Groups). This phenomenon is called reciprocal inhibition because the antagonists are inhibited from contracting. This is sometimes called reciprocal innervation but that term is really a misnomer since it is the agonists which inhibit (relax) the antagonists. The antagonists do not actually innervate (cause the contraction of) the agonists.
However, with this element of the conditioned mentioned, the focus of this paper will be on empacho as it affects the stomach and intestines while also looking at the various treatments for it.
The second aspect of this presentation was the 5-HT Receptor Antagonist. These antagonists are capable of decreasing the effect of NPY levels within the body. One antagonist, in particular, was shown to have a great effect on NPY effect, known as DOI. It was found that DOI blocks NYP responses inside the brain. One specific part of DOI was signaled out as being responsible for the blockage of NPY, known as 2A. Even though the DOI is able to decrease the sense of hunger, it is not used in humans because it causes very bad after effects, especially great nausea.