Research studies identified two theories that help explain the consistency theory. First, let’s look at what defines consistency. Researchers found individuals feel good when the environment and attitude of others match their anticipated beliefs and assumptions (Larson, C., 2013, p. 218). This alliance defines the type of consistency that exists when individuals know what to expect from interpersonal relationships and circumstances that surround them (Larson, C., 2013, p. 219). The studies theorized that most individuals pursue cognitive balance to experience emotional satisfaction and enjoyment (Larson, C., 2013, p, 219. When inconsistency is found in behavior or environment it causes individuals to either change self or adjust their analysis to achieve balance (Larson, C., 2013, p. 219). Furthermore, it is important for target receivers to understand, recognize and predict factors that construct lack of balance and lack of consistency (Larson, C., 2013, p. 219). For example, an effective persuader will pinpoint the target receiver’s standards for judging or deciding and devi...
Furthermore, the authors aim to unfold the scientific logic of their analysis of the effects of hidden biases so people will be “better able to achieve the alignment,” between their behavior and intentions (Banaji and Greenwald, 2013) preface
1. Conflicting views improve one’s moral reasoning, critical thinking, and mental dexterity, but difficult to accept because of their context and one’s cognitive dissonance (Dalton, Week 5).
Cognitive dissonance is a communication theory mostly used in the field of social psychology in providing a theoretical framework in dealing with various issues relating to psychology. The title provides us with the concept that cognitive is thinking while dissonance is the inconsistency or conflict brought about. Cognitive dissonance manifests when one holds two or more incompatible beliefs simultaneously. This theory has been used and applied in several disciplines including communication, due to its simplicity and straightforwardness. The theory is commonly applied in these dynamic fields since it replaces previous conditioning or reinforcement theories by viewing individuals as more purposeful decision makers striving to acquire a balance in their beliefs. Cognitions are chunks or bits of knowledge which can pertain to any variety of values, emotions or values. These cognations can be related to one another or they can also be completely independent from each other (Cooper, 06). For instance, one may like to eat junk food, but may also be trying to lose weight. The two cognitions are related to each other in tha...
The astute reader may notice that this review does not include any papers that did not find a false consensus effect. The reason for this is not that this paper is not representative of the literature, but rather, that it is. The uniformity of the literature suggests that the phenomenon is fairly common. Some interesting arguments as to why this is are motivational or cognitive in nature. The motivational premise is based in the idea that people are motivated to believe that they have a place in their social environment. This argument is a based in self-justification, in that if many people share a given belief or behavior, it makes it easier to justify that this attitude or behavior is either right, or not as bad as it might seem.
Cognitive consistency makes up how we define a good presidential candidate in America. Cognitive consistency theory is essentially the innate human tendency to seek out stimuli that are consistent with one's beliefs and attitudes and to censor or limit one's exposure to stimuli that are inconsistent with beliefs and attitudes (Cherry). So, in this context, people vote for a candidate that they believe fits their social beliefs. These beliefs are made up of what race, gender, ethnicity, social status, college, age, political party, and other characteristics.
“Like my status,” “like my photo,” and “like my tweet” are all common phrases that can be overhead in any conversation, whether it is on the street or in your own home. Sharing a post on any social media can result in an explosion of awareness for all those who utilize these platforms. People have started to use social media to raise awareness for serious issues like Black Lives Matter or for simply sharing a video of a dog standing on its hind legs. Many social media platforms, specifically Facebook, have a reputation of posting photos that say, “1 like = 1 prayer.” Even though everyone knows these posts are anything but reliable, many users still tend to share the post and expose it to friends and family members. These organizations have
Higgins, Tory. “Self-Discrepancy Theory: What Patterns of Self-Beliefs Cause People to Suffer?”(1989). Advances in Experimental Social psychology, Vol.22 (1989):93-136. Academic Press Inc.
McArthur (1972) was the first to experimentally test Kelley's theory. Although the results did indicate support for the theory in which people make internal, external and circumstantial attributions, there were some results that did not correspond accurately with the theory. McArthur found that participants made more internal than external attributions overall. Distinctiveness information was perceived to be the most important type of information by subjects, while consensus was the least important when making either an internal or external attribution. This contradicts the covariation model which claims that people use all three types of information
In developing my ability to analyze conflict from different theoretical perspectives, I have learned through different theories how to practice different steps to manage my reactions to them. What I hope to accomplish within my paper is a general broad overview analysis of my experience with both Interpersonal Theories and Relationship Theories. I also wish to explain how when conflicts do arise, the steps on what people should do when making choices when they communicate in conflict situations. The reason why conflict is worth examining and experiencing, is because it shows us how we can develop better communication with the foundation of our mistakes; and what we can learn from them. By learning from our mistakes we can expect to gain more knowledge on how to acquire different behaviors to manage conflict.
The message in figure 9.6 uses consistency as a psychological tool of influence. The writer is attempting to persuade the reader into focusing on the reason by building up the idea of caring the ladies in the lives, as being consistent with their self. “Consistency depends on the possibility that once individuals make an express duty, they have a tendency to complete or respect that dedication, at the end of the day, they need to remain reliable with their unique duty.” (Cardon, p. 242, 2013). For example, the message stated that women owe it to the women in your lives to make a difference. Another example would be if he or she really care, then he or she will join. It also was stated that for individuals to do their part to improve the lives of women in our community.
The consistency bias takes place when people follow the strong tendency to behave according to their identity, the way they define themselves. For example, if you have the identity of being fat and there is a choice between a cheeseburger or a salad, you will probably go for the latter. You know
There are now 5 "big" social networks, and 6 if you count YouTube. The social media beast has not only become mammoth, but voraciously hungry, needing to be fed on a consistent basis. It is enough to send a business owner into paroxysms of anxiety! It gets unnerving for marketers, too. More channels means more choice, for both the consumer and the marketer. Inevitably, the consumer 's attention span becomes shorter, fleeting and elusive; the number of combinations and messaging options veers towards infinity as marketers combine modalities, narrow demographics and customize a morass of information to be strategically dripped out over time.
Parayitam, S. & Dooley, R.S. 2009. The interplay between cognitive and affective conflict and cognition and affect based trust in influencing decision outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 62: 789-796.
is a reliability level of an opinion about an object or how much a person is convinced in his righteousness (Rice, 1997). Consumers are extremely sure of one attitudes and weakly sure of other. An attitude marked by a bigger conviction is steadier. Due to close relationship, the extent and intensity of attitude might be regarded as one feature, meaning that they are not synonyms.
Affective-Cognitive Consistency Theory also examines the relationship between attitudes and beliefs and posits that individuals are in an unstable state when their attitudes towards an object, event or person and their knowledge about that object, event, or person are inconsistent (Simonson & Maushak, 2001). Another important note about this theory also suggests that the affective component of the attitude system may be changed by providing new information (changing the cognitive component) via a persuasive message. Once the individual has processed the new information, he or she will undergo an attitude change to bring the knowledge and affect into harmony. Processing the message requires that the audience pay attention to and comprehend the message, then accept and retain it (Zimbardo & Leippe, 1991). The Affective-Cognitive Consistency Theory suggests that the affective component of the attitude system may be changed by first changing the cognitive component through providing new information. It does not matter how the new cognition is produced, only that it