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Indigenous australia
Indigenous australia
Australian culture challenges
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Aboriginal people have been living in Australia between 50,00 to 120,000 years ago and their population size was about 300,000 when the British arrived in 1788 (Commonwealth of Australia, 1998). They are known to be non-materialistic and lived in small family groups which survived on food from the land (hunter-gatherer people) hence their deep connection to their land. Each small family group have their own history and culture, membership to each group is determined by birthright, shared language and cultural obligations and responsibilities. They place great importance to their social, religious and spiritual activities hence their belief that the physical environment is controlled by spiritual rather than physical means. They also believed
Bourke, E and Edwards, B. 1994. Aboriginal Australia. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.
Aboriginal spirituality originally derives from the stories of the dreaming. The dreaming is the knowledge and a sense of belonging that the Aboriginals had of the beginning of life and the relationship to the land and sea (Australian Museum, 2011). The dreaming stories are passed on from one generation to the next orally. These stories teach the following generations how to behave towards the land and other people. The dreaming stories give them a sense of duty to protect the land and appreciate it because the dreamtime stories indicate that the spirits have not died but are still alive in different forms as animals or humans, therefore the ancestor’s power is still felt through the landforms (Clark, 1963), (Australian Governement, 2008)
Aboriginal people groups depended on an assortment of unmistakable approaches to sort out their political frameworks and establishments prior to contact with Europeans. Later, a considerable amount of these establishments were overlooked or legitimately stifled while the national government endeavored to force a uniform arrangement of limitlessly distinctive Euro-Canadian political goals on Aboriginal social orders. For some Aboriginal people groups, self-government is seen as an approach to recover control over the administration of matters that straightforwardly influence them and to safeguard their social characters. Self-government is alluded to as an inherent right, a previous right established in Aboriginal people groups' long occupation
Australian Aborigines have had a traditional relationship with their land since they first came to the Australian continent somewhere from 40,000 to 60,000 years ago to 120,000 years ago (9:9). Before Europeans came and settled the same land, the Aborigines had their own law system, trading systems, and way of caring for their land (12:1-2). Then the First Fleet of Europeans landed at Botany Bay in New South Wales in 1788. The expedition lead by the new Governor Phillip, but directed by King George the Third, was told to endeavor by every possible means to open intercourse with the natives, and to conciliate their affections, enjoining all our subjects to live in amity and kindness with them. And if any of our subjects shall wantonly destroy them or give them any unnecessary interruption in the exercise of their several occupations, it is our will and pleasure that you do cause such offenders to be brought to punishment according to the degree of the offense (9:2-3).
Throughout the ages Australia’s native foods supported a nutritious, balanced diet of protein and vegetables with adequate vitamins and minerals with little salt, sugar and fat. Life on the move kept people physically fit. In terms of “Mental Health,” traditional Aboriginal culture had a number of strong reinforcing factors. Aboriginal sense of self was seen in a collective sense, intimately connected to all aspects of life, community, spirituality, culture and country (Australian Aboriginal And 1 Torres Strait Islander Mental Health: An Overview).
The Aborigines are the indigenous people of Australia. According to their traditional beliefs, the Aborigines have inhabited Australia since the beginning of time, but most modern dating techniques have placed the first native Australians at closer to 60,000 years ago, based on carbon dating of fossils and knowledge of geological changes in the region. Sea levels have fluctuated throughout history and were 200 meters lower at the time the ancestors of the Aborigines were thought to have made their way to Australia. This still left large expanses of open water that had to be crossed- up to 100 km- indicating that these people had developed some sort of sea-faring technology long before any other people. The Aboriginal culture is thought to be the oldest continuous culture still surviving today. It was traditionally a nomadic hunter-gatherer society, with intimate knowledge of the land and the seasons. The Dreaming was the central belief of all Aboriginal groups, a set of sacred stories of how all things came to be and how to live their lives. They emphasized continuity above change, and this is how the Aborigines lived for thousands of years, isolated and undisturbed.
Ronald, M, Catherine, H, 1988, The World of the First Australians Aboriginal Traditional Life: Past and Present, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people had been living in Australia for over 50,000 years before European Settlement and throughout these years they adapted their own cultures, traditions and way of life. However changes began with the arrival of European Settlement which traumatised and impacted
Australia’s Indigenous people are thought to have reached the continent between 60 000 and 80 000 years ago. Over the thousands of years since then, a complex customary legal system have developed, strongly linked to the notion of kinship and based on oral tradition. The indigenous people were not seen as have a political culture or system for law. They were denied the access to basic human right e.g., the right to land ownership. Their cultural values of indigenous people became lost. They lost their traditional lifestyle and became disconnected socially. This means that they were unable to pass down their heritage and also were disconnected from the new occupants of the land.
In the 18th century approximately 40,000 years before the European colonization, 750,000 to 1,000,000 indigenous people inhabited in Australia. These indigenous Australians were traditionally hunter having complex oral culture and spiritual values that were based on the admiration to the land and a belief in the dreamtime (Indigenous People Issues and Resources, 2014).
It pity that many communities still remember the hardship of injustice towards their families. It is good to know that Efforts were made from the government to eradicate “the native problem” by either concentrate and segregate them from the wider society or, when that failed, to compel them to disperse and become 'assimilated' into non-Aboriginal settings. Both these strategies enlarged bureaucracy and control of people presumed to be incapable to assume responsibility as full citizens. The paper also mentions about struggles of Australian Indigenous with their effort to maintain their cultures. In this context the aboriginal community development can be well explained in terms of a denial between community autonomy, and piercing resulting from the requirements of financial accountability to a non-Aboriginal state. It has been said that for the last three decades the success in cultural and political areas has changes the Australian national consciousness. Aborigines have gained official recognition as a people and support for self-management and self-determination
An average view from a member of Aboriginal Spirituality on the land itself would be along the lines of “the land owns me” or “it is my mother”. However, this is where the injustice stands as many negatively interpret this land-man relationship that I cannot word with justice to these Aboriginals. The English most certainly did not take this into account, even before they inhabited this land, they were always against this nomadic nature, failing to view its beauty. This was evident in the journal of an explorer, William Dampier who wrote in “The New Voyage” that the Aboriginal people had no fencing, to mark off their land and also mentioned that they “have no houses, but lye in the open air without any covering the earth being their bed and the heaven their canopy.” The whole Land Rights controversy which was finally fixed, after the poor Aboriginals’ constant protesting and movements, such as the Yirrkala bark petitions and the Wave Hill walk off, finally being established in after a painful almost 200 years, in 1976. Let me remind you readers about the actual origins of this discrimination of land rights, which was violated when the land was invaded and stolen, there is no justification over this land
Land management was one of the most crucial factors of Indigenous Australian’s survival. Before European landing, Aboriginals were hardworking farmers, growing crops that range from yams and wheat to fruits and berries. Hunting and food collecting also contributed to Aboriginal’s diet.
Critical reflection is essential to students’ learning in working with culturally different communities (Whitney & Clayton, 2011), such as the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. It allows students to focus on individual responses to an event, carefully scrutinise own personal values and acknowledge their impact on future practice in cross-cultural settings (D’Gruz, Gillingham, & Melendez, 2007). Through critical reflections, students are able to develop respect for the rights and views of the Aboriginal community in delivery of culturally appropriate healthcare services, which is the ability defined as cultural competency (Commonwealth of Australia, 2013). Hence, this paper describes my personal development of awareness in cultural
There were only Aboriginal societies on the Australian continent until the arrival of Europeans. They took the lands and forced their lifestyle on the aboriginals. They did what was in their beliefs, religion and traditions. The Aboriginals lived depending on land and water. They had good hunting, fishing or gathering skills. Their cultures differed from region to region. The indigenous Australians that lived along water were experts at fishing. Before the British colonization there was between 200-250 Aboriginal languages. This means, they did not all speak the same language.