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Women and the STEM fields
Racial segregation in the public school system
Racial segregation in the public school system
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Since the 1950s, the equality of education has certainly improved in regards to race/ethnicity, socio-economic status and/or gender/sexual orientation. However, we still see major gaps in education especially in racial and ethnic populations. Title IX 1972 has absolutely improved the equality of education for females since the 1950s. Women have even surpassed males in obtaining degrees which is a major difference than in the 1950s when women hardly attended college. Gaps in certain areas, especially in STEM fields, still exist between genders. In 2006 women made up 51% of the population but only 20% of science and engineering careers. This would suggest that there are still inequalities in some fields between genders even with major improvements …show more content…
In reading 16 ,Becoming a Gendered Body, we read about how our movements, postures, and gestures are gendered and how this starts in Kindergarten. For example, boys were restrained physically more than females, which specialist suggest increases disruptive behavior from boys. It was found in multiple classrooms that around 60% of girls in preschool were found to wear pink everyday wile boys would not wear it at all. Little girls were already aware of how act in dresses which restricted movement. Formal behavior was also encouraged in girls while relaxed behavior was more encouraged with boys. These differences, although small, shape children gender and how they perceive …show more content…
Although we still see issues in education with race/ethnicity, opportunity and inclusiveness has certainly improved from the 1950’s after minorities were desegregated around 1954. In 2012, around 51% of black males graduate high school nationally. However, in some places such as Newark New Jersey, white and black male graduation rates in high school have become similar, with black students even surpassing white male students. However, the gap between black and white males has slightly increased from 2009 to 2013. White males are still generally placed in gifted and talented programs three times as much as black male students. In the 1960s black students accounted for one percent of students in predominantly white schools in the south. By 1986, black students accounted for around 40 % of students. However, this number dropped to about 30% by 2000. These trends show that even with major improvement in racial equality in education, there are still major issues impacting minority’s success in education and opportunities when compared to Caucasians. Nationally there is around a 20% difference in graduation rates between African-American students and white students. Under represented minorities made up around 30% of the population in 2006, but only accounted for less than 20% of engineering and science
“In the United States and several other countries, women now actually surpass men in educational achievements” (Josh, “Harvard Summer School”). Some women are more educated and qualified for most
Today Title IX is still critical in education because women continue to lag behind men when receiving degrees in certain fields such as the math and science disciplines. 1 out of 5 women achieve the doctorate degrees in computer sciences and engineering and physics. "Schools are continue to downsize many of the affirmative action programs that are responsible for increasing access to higher education to minorities and women, a particular problem for women of color" (source c).
African- American males have been underrepresented among college students and degree earners for years, however the reason for this is often misconstrued. The percentages of white high school graduates “In 1998-2000 had jumped to 46. However, only 40 percent of African-Americans and 34 percent of Hispanics in the same age group were attending college” (McGlynn, Angela Proviteira). The question then to pose, is why minority students are not succeeding in college compared to Caucasian students, “Only 47% of Black male students graduated on time
To start, Gender is constructed by society and therefore, it is constantly changing over time (Lorber, 2003). Gender is something that is acted out in each person’s everyday life or the routines of everyday activities. Gender is mostly carried out with simply thinking about the actions of specific genders. Gender roles are often expected soon after a child is born—a girl according to the gender roles, should wear pink and a baby boy should wear blue. Comments are often made before a child can even cognitively understand the idea of gender, such as, “he is going to be such a strong little boy,” or “she is going to be such a princess”. These ideas lead to socially-constructed gender and why men and women behave the way that they do.
The achievement gap is defined as the disparity between the performance groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race/ethnicity, ability and socio-economic status. The achievement gap can be observed through a variety of measures including standardized test scores, grade point averages, drop out rates, college enrollment and completion rates. The Black-White achievement gap is a critical issue in modern society’s education system. Although data surrounding the issue clearly indicates that the racial performance gap exists in areas of standardized tests, graduation rates, dropout rates, and enrollment in continuing education, the causative reasons for the gap are ambiguous—therefore presenting a significant challenge in regard to the most effective way to close the gap. The gap appears before children enter kindergarten and it persists into adulthood (Jencks 1998). Since 1970, the gap has decreased about 40 percent, but has steadily grown since. Theories suggest the Black-White achievement gap is created by a multitude of social, cultural, and economic factors as well as educational opportunities and/or learning experiences. Factors such as biased testing, discrimination by teachers, test anxiety among black students, disparities between blacks and whites in income or family structure, and genetic and cultural differences between blacks and whites have all been evaluated as explanations for the Black-White achievement gap (Farkas 2004). The research that follows will elaborate on these factors as they affect the decline in academic performance of black males—particularly the literacy achievement of black males.
We found literature that supported our survey results. The article, “Inequality quantified: Mind the gender gap,” shows that an established gender gap amongst college majors may have started years ago. In the 1970s, Lynne Kiorpes was one of the few females at Northeastern University who was an Engineering major. Her professor discriminated against her and the other few women in the class by saying that they have no business being in his class, and that he was going to fail them just because they are females. Kiorpes then left the engineering program...
Current research and scholarly literature continue to examine various aspects of learning in today’s society (Farkas, Lleras, & Maczuga, 2002). Particular attention is given to research in the educational system, especially with regards to minority students (Fisher, 2005). Considering the on-going social discussions on racial/ethnic disparities, many researchers now seek to explore the relationships and themes that exist in, and influence the academic achievement and school performance of minority students (Farkas et al., 2002; Roscigno & Ainsworth-Darnell, 1999). While this research area may seem fairly new to some due to its increased and continued
But sex-segregation does not really explain the overall gender wage gap. Women’s average educational attainment now exceeds that of men’s and as a result, women have been entering previously considered to be “masculine” occupational fields at growing rates. Even in the STEM fields, women are no longer underrepresented except for in computer sciences and engineering. However, gender wage gap is present at every level of the career ladder in every field. How and why does this
Equality was a major problem in the 1960’s and is still a major problem today it caused many African Americans greif. Many people including Martin Luther King Jr, Rachel Carson, Malcolm X, John F Kennedy, The Freedom of Speech Riders were involved during this time. I believe that all people of the common good should have individual rights as a U.S. citizen, also I believe that all woman and US citizens should have equal rights.
Martin, Karin A., 1998. “Becoming a Gendered body: Practices of Preschools” American Sociological Assosciation (4): 510.
One study observed children in preschools and discovered that there were many examples of gendering of preschoolers. (Martin 1998) Dressing up of little girls in dresses and tights restricted their movements, making them less able to perform physical activities. (Martin 1998) Even though, the girls were quieter, nicer and played less aggressively than the boys the teachers reprimanded the girls more. During playtime, the boys and girls interacted with one another, once they reached the age of five the boys played only with other boys and the girls
SAT participation among Montgomery County schools' 2010 minority graduates drops. Retrieved from: http://www.cds.org/item/cds http://www.gazette.net/stories/09222010/montsch231827_32535.php The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. (2006).Black Student College Graduation Rates Remain Low, But Modest Progress Begins to Show. Retrieved from: http://www.jbhe.com/features/50_blackstudent_gradrates.html.
Parents and educators both display actions that could be and continue to affect the gender gap in STEM. By parents not giving both their sons and daughters an equal to the questions they ask, it supports the idea of why there is a lack of women in these areas of study. Female teachers also may be openly expressing their struggles with math and other similar areas have negatively affected the gap in STEM today. Direct biases and unconscious biases are both reasons that lead to a gap in these areas. But as female teenagers mature and grow older, they have different wants than men do when they grow
Since society plays a role in the majority of people’s lives, it has made it difficult to have equal opportunities given to both men and women. When it comes to working, women are expected to work in the front as secretaries, whereas men are given the opportunity to make decisions to benefit the company. Women feel that their bosses are not taking them seriously because they aren’t viewed as potential candidates for the most prestigious positions in their establishment, even though they possess a higher degree than the male candidate. Yale Global states, “Despite these educational gains, women continue to lag behind men in employment, income, business ownership, research and politics… sexes are limiting the benefits of women’s educational advantage” (Chamie 2). Despite women being top of their class and surpassing men, society still places them on lower expectations because they are women, which is viewed as occupational segregation. If women have the ability to do a man’s job, it shouldn’t be up to stereotypes to place them in lower paying positions because of their sex. Women are constantly being discriminated because of their gender regardless of how much education and experience they have because men feel less superior if a woman makes more money than they
The origins of gender differences are particularly hard to trace, but arguments that the differences are a result of socialization is widely studied in psychology. One set of psychologists believe that children get most of their “stereotypical ways” from the behavior they imitate from visual references, such as a same sex parent (Sax & Harper 671). Parents, especially when the child is in the years before school, play a heavy role in how the child acts at the time. However, other psychologists would differ and say that the children’s peers are the primary source of the gender socialization, and that the parent plays little, and sometimes even, no role (671). Once that child has reached an age where they attend school daily, they usually see the teacher or peers more often than they do their own parents. That gives the parents less control over their child, and more control to the hands of others, such as the child’s teachers.