Starch Lab Report

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Starch in carbohydrates is the major source of dietary glucose which is the main focal point of carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. The energy generation process runs through a number of different metabolic pathways of glucose oxidation and is divided into 4 main stages.

Digestion
Following a meal, it is the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism which breaks down food molecules into smaller chemical units that can be utilised further by various cells. Small amount of complex carbohydrates begin their digestion in the mouth where the amylase enzyme from saliva catalyses the hydrolyses of complex starch molecules and the production of smaller polysaccharide and disaccharide molecules.

Digestion stops in the stomach due to deactivation of the amylase enzyme by acidic juice until the contents of the stomach are moved into the small intestine. Secreted by pancreas, amylase activates the break down of polysaccharides further into shorter chains with mainly maltose and glucose presented.

The digestion moves to the outer membranes of
Oxidation of L-Malate to regenerate Oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenate and formation of NADH.

CAC is regulated by concentration of ATPs, i.e. by the body’s need of energy. When the body is not active, the high concentration of ATP inhibits step 1 (citrate synthase).

The purpose of CAC is the production of 3 NADH (1 in each step 3, 4 and 8) and 1 FADH2 (step 6) that are able to carry electrons and proton ions into the 4th metabolic stage for further synthesis of ATPs.

Electron Production Chain (EPC) and Oxidative Phosphorelation (OP)
It is a series of reactions when electrons and hydrogen ions are passed to intermediate electron carriers located in four distinct protein complexes integrated within the inner mitochondrial membrane: NADH-coenzyme Q reductase, Sucinate-coenzyme Q reductase, Coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase and Citochrome c oxidase. Two electron carriers, coenzyme

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