Costa Rica is a country in Central America bordered by Nicaragua to the north, panama to the east and south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and south and the Caribbean Sea to the east.
The San Juan River has been a source of territorial disputes between Costa Rica and Nicaragua regarding the use of the river by Costa Rica, this dispute goes all the way back to 1858 when the “COSTA RICA-NICARAGUA, TREATY OF TERRITORIAL LIMITS, SAN JOSÉ, 15 APRIL 1858” was signed by both countries. “The boundary between Costa Rica and Nicaragua was originally defined in an 1857 treaty that was reconfirmed in an arbitral award in 1888 handed down by US President Grover Cleveland” , in his word, president Cleveland stated that “The republic of Costa Rica, under said treaty and stipulations contained in the sixth article thereof, has not the right to navigation of the river San Juan with Vessels of War; but she may navigate said river with such vessels of the revenue service as may be related to and connected with her enjoyment of the ‘purposes of commerce’ accorded to her in said article, or as may be necessary to the protection of said enjoyment” . After the award in 1888 more problems began during the demarcation of the territory in 1897 which was delineated by the award of another US arbitrator, Edward Alexander. The territorial dispute started again in 2005 and the ambassador of Costa Rica to the Netherlands made a complaint to the ICJ for dispute relating navigational and related rights , the ICJ’s ruling was not given until July 2009 where the court gave Costa Rica the right to navigate and other rights, in the Court’s judgement, the court concluded that “It follows from the above that Nicaragua has exercised its powers of regulation regardin...
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Bibliography
Books
• Cracknell’s Statutes, Public International Law, 2nd Edition, D.G. CRACKNELL. 2002
• Nutshells, International Law, Rebecca M M Wallace and Anne Holliday, 2nd Edition. 2010.
• Clarendon Law Series, International Law, Vaughan Lowe, 1st Edition. 2007.
• International Law, Malcolm N. Shaw, 6th Edition. 2008
• Principles of Public International Law, Ian Brownlie, 7th Edition. 2008.
Websites
• http://www.icj-cij.org/
• http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/
• http://www.nytimes.com/
• http://www.nytimes.com/
• http://www.un.org/
• http://www.thetimes.co.uk
• http://www.morlacchilibri.com/universitypress/
Articles
• Article 2 of the U.N Charter
• Article 33 of the U.N Charter
• Article 1, 19, and 29 of the Charter of the OAS
• Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions 1949
The Great Tuna Boat Chase and Massacre Case has Ecuador claiming that the United States is in violation of its 200-mile territorial sea. From it’s inception, Ecuador had accepted the customary three mile limit as the demarcation of its territorial waters. However, after 130 years, Juan Valdez achieved power in 1952. Under his regime, he proclaimed that the three mile boundary was never meant to be considered a fixed and unalterable boundary, and that historical practices as well as the natural features of the area justified a 200-mile territorial sea. Each Ecuadorian president since Valdez claimed this as well.
my paper on Manuel Noriega and his connections with the CIA but the more I read
Over the course of the Spanish-American war , the obvious need for a canal came apparent.The canal would stregthen the navy, and it would make easier defense of the islands in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The problem of where to build the canal came into play. Congress rejected Nicaragua and Panama was an unwilling part of this project. The course of the building was shifted to Colu...
To understand the Nicaragua Contra one must understand the Sandinistas, and who the Sandinistas took power from. Nicaragua has been invaded by the United States eight times starting from American adventurer William Walker’s “filibuster” of Nicaragua . Augusto César Sandino was the first revolutionary who used arm forces to drive United States out of Nicaragua . Somoza had Sandino killed and took control of Nicaragua. The Somozas and his sons oppressively ruled and amassed wealth with the support of United States. Because of the Somozas corrupt rule a rebel force would rise up which called themselves Sandinistas after Augusto César Sandino. Latin American countries urged United States to remove Somozas from power or the Sandinistas would take
The Contra War consisted of many parties, although primarily included the Contras, the Sandinistas or FSLN, and the United States Government. The Nicaraguan Revolution spanned from 1970 to 1990, while the Contra War in which the Contras rebelled against the Sandinistas occurred from 1979 to 1990. The Contras rebelled with the support of the United States against the Sandinistas who recently obtained power in Nicaragua. The current state of tension created by the Cold War, having to do with Communist and Democratic disputes, set the stage for the conflict. The Contra War was a highly controversial period of conflict in Nicaraguan history that comprised of many clashing perspectives. The major parties involved in the war included the United States Government that supported the rebelling Contras and strongly opposed the Sandinista authority in Nicaragua. Along with the Contras or counterrevolutionaries that were disaffected by the Sandinista policies and wanted freedom from the Sandinista Government. A final major party involved in the conflict was Sandinistas, who detested the U.S. backed Contras and were fighting for peace in Nicaragua, after a long period of turmoil and insurrection.
The United States of America has always done good even without gaining anything in return.Imperialism at the time was a word that was common among not only politicians but also in the possession of American citizens, this proves that the influence was a major plus to America’s global imperialism and expansionism. The Dominican Republic during the 20th century suffered from being in the temptation of Communism. The U.S was able to occupy the Dominican Republic and because of this their actions were viewed as imperialistic to Americas inhabitants and foreign nations as well. Although some believe that the United States is an imperialistic because of past interaction with the D.R it was not the same case this time around.
In section three Kinzer describes the American intervention in Nicaragua. “With a postage stamp led the United States to overthrow the most formidable leader Nicaragua ever had” (Kinzer 56). This led to a continuum of events causing Nicaragua to fall short of peace, happiness, and prosperity. Nicaragua was in the midst of a modernizing revolution but with American intervention history has since reported the county as poor and non-prosperous. Kinzer points out In 1876 a government commission studies possible routes and concluded that the one across Nicaragua “Possesses, both for the construction and maintenance of a canal, greater advantage, and offers fewer difficulties from engineering, commercial and econom...
War and violence in Central America is a result of governmental injustice due to the United States’ foreign policies. The United States supported El Salvador with weapons and money throughout the civil war. As a result of enforcing these policies, El Salvador’s poverty, population and crime rate increased. The books “…After…” by Carolina Rivera Escamilla and “The Tattooed Soldier” by Hector Tobar give us a glimpse of the issues Central Americans faced.
Nicaragua The area of Nicaragua is 50,193 sq. ft. mi. The Nicaraguan highlands, with an elevation of about 2000 ft, cross Nicaragua from the northwest to the southeast. Several mountain ranges, the highest of which, the Cordillera Isabelia, reaches an elevation of more than 6890 ft, cut the highlands from east to west.
I learned more than I ever imagined on my summer study abroad trip to Costa Rica. I learned that Costa Rica is a country like no other. The country is much different than what the United States of America is like. The lifestyles, customs, and practices of Costa Rica are very different than those that I am accustomed to. As an outsider looking into the country, I saw a country that is very poor financially but very rich in spirit. They do not appreciate wealth as United States citizens do, but instead appreciate love and gratitude. I noticed that Costa Ricans have very strong family values and cultural roots.
The physical science of the two countries is completely different. According to the main speaker, Costa Rica is much smaller than the United States. It could actually fit in the state of Oklahoma about two and a half times (Northwestern Oklahoma State University, 2010). The population is a little different too. Costa Rica’s population is around 4.5 million, compared to Oklahoma which has approximately 3.4 million.
The country’s two coastlines are referred to as the Caribbean and Pacific, rather than the north and south coasts. To the east is Colombia and to the west Costa Rica. Pacific. Dominant features of their landform is highlands forming the continental divide. The higher elevations near borders with Costa Rica and Colombia. The highest point in the country is the Volcán Barú which rises to almost 3,500 meters. The lowest elevation is in the middle of the country where it is crossed by the Panama Canal.
The climate in Costa Rica and Washington are close to each other. Both of the places get a lot of rain and small amount of rain. Both have a desert Washington has a desert in the east over the mountains and Costa Rica has a desert in the middle of the country where the rain can not reached. Both of the deserts
Would you prefer vacationing in a dense jungle or a scorching hot desert? Thankfully, I have had the privilege to do both. Over the past year, I have traveled to the beautiful rainforests of Costa Rica and the barren wilderness of Bonaire. By studying the parallels and differences of both destinations, one has the ability to understand the travel expectations, habitats, and activities of Costa Rica and Bonaire.
Currently, International system is focusing on issues related with maritime security. Maritime security coxncern with threats that prevail in the maritime domain (Klein 2011; Kraska and Pedrozo 2013; Roach 2004; Vrey 2010, 2013). These threats include interstate-dispute, terrorism, piracy, drugs trafficking, people and illicit foods, arms proliferation, illegal fishing, environmental crimes, as well as accidents and disaster which happen in maritime domain. Thus, generally, maritime security can be defined as the absence of those threats. Meanwhile, there is an argument that inter-states dispute should be categorized as national security instead of maritime security. Thus, there is another definition of maritime security which define maritime security as good or stable order at sea (Till 2004; Vrey 2010; Kraska and Pedrozo 2013: 1). The definition of maritime security from one to another is different as the scope of maritime security is broad and each actor has different point of view on the issue. There is no universal legal definition about maritime security. The United Nation itself only