The drug cimetidine was launched in 1976, as a successful medication to treat peptic ulcers. Over many centuries peptic ulcer has been a major cause of death, at any particular time about 4 million people are effected with peptic ulcer, and the at least 6000 people die from this disease each year.
Peptic ulcer results from erosion within the walls three particular areas of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT); the oesophagus, the stomach or the duodenum. This is due to the excessive production of stomach acid, consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the enzyme pepsin, required for digestion in the gastrointestinal tract; this can also lead the acid to reach the oesophagus. Under normal circumstances the linings are protected from the irritation of the acidity via the formation of a mucus and bicarbonate barrier. However obstruction of the lining causes inflammation of the mucous membrane and leads to ruptures of the internal tissue.
Such factors as increased consuming of alcohol, smoking, chewing tobacco and radiation treatments can increase the risks of developing peptic ulcers. Thus following diagnosis, patients are advised to cut down on smoking and drinking alcohol, and also to increase regular intakes of small meals.
Patients suffering from peptic ulcers experience upper abdominal pain, heart burns, sleep disturbance, hunger, empty feeling in stomach, unable to drink too much fluid, chest pain, nausea and weight loss. But lack of treatment may lead to internal bleeding; seen by patients vomiting blood and therefore may become fatal resulting in death.
Hence the aims of the treatment are to reduce acid levels. During the earlier days the main treatment was to administer alkali based medications to neutralise the acid...
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...Curr Prob Sur; 26, pp. 44–45
Dronfield M.W. et al, (1979) Controlled trial of maintenance cimetidine treatment in healed duodenal ulcer: short and long-term effects, Gut, 20, pp 526 - 530
Ganellin C.R., (2011) Personal Reflections on Sir James Black (1924 - 2010) ad Histamine, History of Inflammation, 60, pp 103 – 110.
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There are three types of treatments to peptic ulcers antacids, antihistamine, and proton pump inhibitors (PPI). The most important and most effective remedy is the PPI, which is the strongest type of medicine out of the three types. PPIs work by inhibiting the release of protons (hydrogen ions) from the parietal cells (the source of acid secretion) to the lumen of the stomach1. There are many several types of PPI for the purpose of this research we will examine the efficacy of only two Omeprazole and
Using the Skin Safety Model (SSM), prevention of pressure ulcers can be shifted to a more holistic patient-centered approach. The SSM comprises of four sections, potential contributing factors to skin injury, exacerbating elements, potential skin injury, and potential outcomes of skin injury. Each section then has subcategories of determinants that can change depending on the patient’s specific circumstance. The SSM helps the caregiver look at the patient as a whole and incorporate all of the patient’s risk factors that could potentially lead to impaired skin integrity or pressure ulcers (Campbell, Coyer, & Osborne,
A pressure ulcer is an area of skin with unrelieved pressure resulting in ischemia, cell death, and necrotic tissue. The constant external pressure or rubbing that exceeds the arterial capillary pressure (32mmHg) and impairs local normal blood flow to tissue for an extended period of time, results in pressure ulcer (Smeltzer et. Al., 2013). According to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2014, pressure ulcers are a major burden to the society, as it approaches $11billion annually, with a cost range from $500 to $70,000 per individual pressure ulcer. It is a significant healthcare problem despite considerable investment in education, training, and prevention equipment. This paper includes two different studies to link cause-effect
Alzheimer’s disease considered a risk factor because of impairment of mental status (Berman&Slon, 2012). Due to their mental status, patients are unaware of prevention of pressure ulcers, which makes them more vulnerable to pressure ulcers. However, the dryness of the skin also considers as risk factors for pressure ulcers. Diabetes mellitus is also a risk factor of pressure ulcers as people with diabetes have sensation lost (Scemons&Elston, 2009). Age is an important risk factor because pressure ulcers are more common among older people as a result of the skin becomes more sensitive and fragile (Bedsores, 2014). Moreover, low blood pressure adds to the risk factor of pressure ulcers, incontinence of urine or feces also considered risk factors. Prolonged surgery, anemia, higher body temperature, and vascular disease are all risk factors for pressure
On the other hand, Ulcerative Colitis has a similar, but slightly different set of common symptoms. The most prevalent of these symptoms is diarrhea. Other symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis include a bloody stool, abdominal pain, and a feeling of urgency. The most noticeable complication related to Ulcerative Colitis is a general discomfort and difficulty with bowel movements.
In conclusion there are many diverse types of dressings available for wound management, with no solitary dressing being claimed to be the best due to the differences amongst health care professionals. There are on going searches for an ideal wound dressing for the management of ulcers. In weighting out the negatives and positives there is no hesitation in saying that hydrocolloid dressings make a significant involvement in the contribution to modern wound management and is deemed a success for the management of patients with decubitus ulcers.
The purpose of this study is to review current research on treatments for idiopathic gastroparesis as well as address other treatment options that are discussed in the clinical setting, but are not found in the bulk of research available to the
Though people might not realize, acids and bases are everywhere around them and are used/consumed almost daily. There are many dangerous acids but on the contrary, there are good ones like our digestive system. IN this project, I will examine the acids in our digestive system and the effects of them
Christopher Hamlin, “Edwin Chadwick, ‘Mutton Medicine’, and the Fever Question,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 70 (1996): 233-265.
Reinarman, Craig and Peter D. A. Cohen and Hendrien L. Kaal. “The Limited Relevance of Drug
Thomas, D. R. (2001). Issues and dilemmas in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: A
MDMA was discovered at the end of the 19th century when the German company Merck was interested in developing substances to stop abnormal bleeding. The scientists of Merck discovered a plant that contained the important compound hydrastinine, however it became rarer to find; therefore, Merck was interested in looking for alter...
Field EA, Allan RB. Review article: oral ulceration--aetiopathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and management in the gastrointestinal clinic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:949–62. [PubMed]
Schott, G. D. (1974). Some observations on the history of the use of barium salts in medicine. Medical History, 18, 9- 21.
These specific sacral ulcers limits the patient to perform many activities of daily living (ADL). Patients who are elderly in an acute hospitalization or have a different impairment are at risk to suffer from ulcers (Kirman, C. et al. 2014). Also, these ulcers can happen from laying down in a constant position. According to Hartmann, a pressure sore is one of the most severe complications