Wood is a porous material because of its cellular structure which allows for many internal voids (Eckelman). The plant cells located within wood are made to absorb water, as it is necessary for the functionality of the tree (“Wood and Water”, 2006). When wood first absorbs water, the water is transported and held within the cell walls. However, as these walls cannot hold a large amount of water, additional water fills the cavities of tubular cells within fibers of the wood. Wood is also categorized as a hygroscopic material. This allows for wood to naturally absorb and dissipate water within its contiguous environment. Density and water diffusivity of the wood affect the rate of absorption of water in wood (Noorolahi, Khazaei, and Jafari, 2008). The hygroscopicity of the wood aids in controlling humidity within houses. For example, if the air inside of a house is at a high humidity level the wood will naturally absorb some of this moisture in order for the environment to achieve a more balanced, stabilized state (“About Moisture and Wood”). Woods are categorized as being either softwoods or hardwoods. Softwoods are generally from coniferous trees and hardwoods from broad-leaved trees, which are frequently angiosperms from dicot seeds. Hardwoods, unlike softwoods, display the presence of pores in growth rings. Four common hardwoods used in building include poplar, aspen, red oak, and red maple. Poplar has a fine-grained structure and has a specific gravity (ratio of density to that of water) of 25%. Aspen, another hardwood in the same genus as poplar, also has a specific gravity of 25%. Red oak is a highly porous wood and has a specific density of 75%. Lastly, red maple has a specific gravity of about 50% (Walker,... ... middle of paper ... ...., n.d. Web. 21 December 2013. 2. Dasch, E. Julius. Water: Science and Issues (Vol. 4). New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. Print. 3. Eckelman, C. A. “Wood Moisture Calculations.” Purdue University. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 December 2013. 4. “Latex Paint.” American Coatings Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 December 2013. 5. Noorolahi, Sara, Javad Khazaei, and Sahebeh Jafari. “Modeling Cyclic Water Absorption and Desorption Characteristics of Three Varieties of Wood.” Cabi. N.p., 2008. Web. 20 December 2013. 6. Sivertsen, Mari Sand. “Water Absorption in Coated Wood- Influence of Different Wood Types and Coatings.” Nordic Forest Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 December 2013. 7. Walker, Aidan. The Encyclopedia of Wood. London: Quarto Publishing, 2005. Print. 8. “Wood and Water.” University of Illinois. N.p., 18 July 2006. Web. 20 December 2013.
The effect of water quality on Vegetative measurements and photosynthesis indices of the trees are presented in Table 1. No significant differences were found between parameters: gs, shoot number in both years, but others were higher in RW application. Height of trees and leaf area in first year was not significant but in second year it increased by 42 and 29% respectively in application RW. Photosynthesis rate appears significantly higher (23.4 µmol m−2 s−1) in plants receiving recycle water than clean water.
(Kumar et al., 2008a). Globally, 1.3 1010 metric tons of wood is produced by terrestrial
of them. They use draft wood because when it’s in the water for a long period of time the
Keim, R. F., Dean, T. J., Chambers, J. L., & Conner, W. H. (2010). Stand Density Relationships in Bald Cypress. Society of American Foresters, 56(4), 336-343.
The lignin in plants is less hydrophilic compare to cellulose a hemicellulose, it present the absorption of water.
Investigating the Relationship Between the Transpiration Rate of a Shoot and the Degree of Opening of the Stomata of Its Leaves
One of the many plants that thrive in the deciduous forest is a fern. Ferns are large green plants with broad leaves to help capture needed sunlight in the forest. This adaptation allows the fern to trap all necessary sunlight to help the plant survive. Another plant that is found in the deciduous forest is the Birch tree. Birch trees are large, tall trees with thick bark. This thick and dense
Taking wood from rainforests and old-growth forests is detrimental to the environment and society. However, it is possible for us to have sustainable wood if we make an effort.
For example, many flutes are made of boxwood. The reason for this is because boxwood was available during the time, and also because boxwood is a very fine grained wood that accepts many carvings and holds its shape well over time. So, when the maker of the flute was carving and shaping, boxwood would not crack, and would also last for the buyer. Rosewood was also used for the bows of violins and violas because it is a very flexible and bendable wood which is important for the player as the flex of the bow can help the player make different sound inflections while playing. Dalbergia melanoxylon or grenadilla wood is also used for a lot of wood instruments because of its ability to repel the humidity from the breath of the player, meaning that it would last much longer than any other wood (natural resin-anti-fungal). Also, the grain of the wood is very uniform, leading to less issues when making an instrument like an oboe because there are lots of screws put into the wood for each piece. Grenadilla will not split like other woods would, but the issue is that grenadilla is a very wood now, only found in parts of Africa, taking more than 75 years for a tree to grow large enough for the construction of one
Ljungdahl, Jonas and Lars A. Berglund. "Transverse mechanical behaviour and moisture absorption of waterlogged archaeological wood from the Vasa ship." Holzforschung 61 (2007): 279-284.
Wood species can be divided into two groups: hardwood and softwood. Softwoods are gymnosperm trees, while hardwoods are angiosperm trees. (Stenius 2000). The composition and structure of wood are a masterpiece of evolutionary design, which enable trees to grow tall and live for many years. The wood structure also enables the trees to survive for strong natural forces such as wind and gravity and the structure even provides for an efficient transport of water from the roots to the crown. Wood is a complex biocomposite built up of cells whose own building blocks, the wood polymers and their ideal composition, give rise to a superior weight-to-strength ratio for the wood material. Wood is essentially composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and extractives. Each of these components contributes to fiber properties, which ultimately impact product properties. In different wood species, however, their relative composition varies greatly, and also the chemical composition of wood varies quantitatively among tree species. According to the results, the lignin content and functional group were determined separately. In addition, the chemical structure was not similar between softwood and hardwood. Lignin is one of the important chemical constituents of lignocellulosic materials in wood and it is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature. The physical
pores is related to the rate at which water is lost from the leaves. A
present at all times but it must retain some of them. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving"). It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it.
...pends upon the solubility/mobility or sorption/desorption characteristics of the specific wax under a given set of environmental conditions [28].
Low-impact materials include non-toxic, sustainably produced or recycled materials that require little energy to process. Three main areas of the home that call for much of the focus on low-impact materials include cabinetry, flooring, and countertops. Wheatboard, also called strawboard, is emerging as a great alternative to a traditional medium density particleboard. Straw is a byproduct of the harvesting process for barley and wheat, and American farmers who supply our country’s massive cereal industry produce an estimated 150 million tons of straw each year. Usually, the straw is burned, but new markets for wheatboard are giving farmers a second income. Bales of straw waste are finely ground, sorted and dried, bound with a resin, compressed into sheets, sanded, and cut to size. Along with the resin that occurs naturally when the straw is under pressure, hi...