Introduction
Chronic diseases have lots of negative impacts on people’s quality of life.[1] These diseases not only cause a lot of physical and mental problems for patients [2], but also costs on patient’s family So their impacts will be shown in both patient and society [3]. The treatment of kidney patients as chronic disease is one of the most important issues for world’s health [4]because this disease has high rates of prevalence and incidence[5] and its treatment is associated with high cost and low recovery.[6] The National Kidney Foundation in United States has defined chronic kidney disease as kidney failure or Glomerular filtration less than 60 ml at 1/73 square meter of body surface area for three months or later [7]. In the recent years the number of kidney patients are increasing too[8]. For example corresponds in United States show that this figure reached from 58220 patients in 1980 to 514642 ones in 2007[9].such increases could be seen in Iran too, so that the number of patients in this country in 1992 was 3670 ones. It increased to 8500 patients in 2002 and 32000 ones in 2011.[10]
Hemodialysis (blood dialysis) is the most general method for treating end stage kidney failures. Hemodialysis removes waste products, toxins and excess of fluid from the blood and has roles like kidney roles in body. [11] The numbers of people who receive Hemodialysis treatment are increasing yearly about 15% in Iran. [12] The quality of life for people who received Hemodialysis is lower than others. These patients generally must be treated 3 times a week and it makes a lot of limitations for them.[13] Most of kidney patients can be treated successfully with both methods of Hemodialysis and transplantation. Kidney transplantation is a c...
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...n Society of Nephrology, 1995. 6: p. 7.
24. Edward F. Vonesh , M., John, Mortality in End-Stage Renal Disease: A Reassessment of Differences between Patients Treated with Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 1999. 10: p. 12.
25. ghayas habach, B., Wendy E,Mauger, Elizabeth A.,Wolfe,Robert A.,Portı,Friednich K., Hospitalization Among United States Dialysis Patients:Hemodialysis Versus Peritoneal. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 1995. 5(11): p. 9.
26. Al, M.J., T. Feenstra, and W.B.F. Brouwer, Decision makers’ views on health care objectives and budget constraints: results from a pilot study. Health Policy, 2004. 70(1): p. 33-48.
27. Jonas Schreyo¨gg, S., Tom The Trade-Off between Costs and Outcomes: The Case of AcutebMyocardial Infarction. Health Research and Educational Trust, 2010. 45(6): p. 17.
The nephrologist has to deduce the major cause of the disease in the individual so that he or she can know the approach to apply in treating the ailment. According to the National Kidney Foundation (2016), the considerations made are the potential risks that expose the patient to chronic kidney disease. The major risks are other conditions in the body such as diabetes, hypertension and pregnancy. The age and weight of the individual also influence the treatment and diagnosis of the disease in the patient. Chronic kidney disease mostly affects individuals over the age of 60 years thus the diagnosis approach developed mostly suits them. If the disease is found in a child, the diagnosis and treatment approach changes since the dosage especially in prescription will change. Weight is another factor that is considered in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Obese individuals are at a higher risk of developing diabetes, which is a cause of the disease. The other factors considered in the treatment of the disease is the stage of the disease in the individual whether it is at mild, moderate or advanced
Hemodialysis is the process of blood that is transported outside the body to a dialysis machine where it is cleaned of waste products and returned to the circulatory system. It is a lifetime requirement. As a result, of the repeated and life-long needle puncture of the involved blood vessels, thick scar tissue eventually develops which makes the procedure difficult and painful. To avoid this complication, a surgical procedure known as an arteriovenous fistula is performed. It produces a large vein that can be entered safely and easily with large needles for the three times a week procedure. New techniques are intended to improve the efficiency of dialysis and thereby increases life expectancy, as 20% of people with end-stage renal disease die annually. Peritoneal Dialysis. Peritoneum is the lining of the abdominal cavity. The tissue has the properties of a semi-permeable membrane, allowing the process of diffusion to take place in abdominal cavity. An incision is made through the anterior abdominal muscle wall; through this opening, a tube (catheter) is inserted into the abdominal space. Sterile dialysate (a solution to clear waste products) is introduced and allowed to remain in the cavity four to six hours or overnight. During this time, through the process of diffusion, impurities pass through the peritoneum into the dialysate. The dialysate and its collected impurities are then eliminated from the body. Kidney transplantation when possible, is the best alternative for end stage renal disease. Often, the body rejects the kidney and when this occurs the recipient must undergo a medication regimen to suppress the immune system. Relatives are recommended to donate their liver so that the body has a smaller chance to reject the kidney. I comparison with dialysis kidney transplantation has advantages that positively affect the person’s medical and vocational rehabilitation potential. The person with the
During the study of various reforms that were proposed and denied, both the GOP and Democrats attempted to find a balance that would guarantee the success of their proposals. Years of research, growing ideologies, political views and disregard for the country's constitution sparked an array of alternatives to solve the country's healthcare spending. The expenditure of US healthcare dollars was mostly due to hospital reimbursements, which constitute to 30% (Longest & Darr, 2008). During the research for alternatives, the gr...
... smoking; this is making their kidneys die quicker than they already are which are struggling to try to maintain a small amount of filtration process. Lastly, a second long term goal is to encourage a person who drinks excessive alcohol to stop because that will defiantly put the person at risk to die faster than the disease itself and will also affect their liver function as well. These goals are meant to help and restore the process of Acute Renal Failure but will only be accomplished if the person with this disease is willing to give it everything they got to fight or await a miracle to end their sickness.
For the last five years of my life I have worked in the healthcare industry. One of the biggest issues plaguing our nation today has been the ever rising cost of health care. If we don't get costs under control, we risk losing the entire system, as well as potentially crippling our economy. For the sake of our future, we must find a way to lower the cost of health care in this nation.
Ghosh, C. (2013). Affordable Care Act: Strategies to Tame the Future. Physician Executive, 39(6), 68-70.
Longest Jr., B.B (2009) Health Policy making in the United States (5th Edition). Chicago, IL: HAP/AUPHA.
Overall, the increase within health care costs is effecting our nation significantly. Not only does it affect consumers but also organization. As it continues to increase everyone is finding themselves unable to pay for such changes. Reducing such growth within the health care costs requires a collaborative, inclusive, and dual-party approach. Strategies for reducing the costs include but not limited to: promoting prevention and healthy living, improving patient safety, and promoting transparency on medical costs and quality. If the nation works on such improvements, hopefully we will be able to turn the health care system into something we can all afford once again.
Currently there are two types of renal replacement therapy. The original dialysis which we called it hemodialysis used for patients with chronic renal failure, needs the patients to come to hospital 2-3 times per week. This type of dialysis called the intermittent hemodialysis .However the intermittent hemodialysis is difficult to do it in the intensive care population with acute renal failure because of the hemodynamic instability and those type of patients usually are the most sick and critically ill patients within the intensive care units and have multiorgan dysfunctions, so medically is too difficult to do for them intermittent hemodialysis. In addition intermittent hemodialysis will increase the mortality and morbidity among them. Within the modern intensive care units new way of dialysis has been developed 30 years ago called continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).The definition of (CRRT) is any extracorporeal blood purification therapy intended to substitute for impaired renal function over an extended period of time and applied for or aimed at being applied for 24 hours/day, Bellomo R., Ronco., Mehata R. The CRRT was found because the traditional way of ...
Dialysis is a process by which excess waste and water is removed from the blood to maintain a balanced proportion of contents/nutrients. Dialysis is done by using different dialysis machines which are usually very costly and sensitive. The duty to maintain a constant proportion of contents in the blood is usually done by kidneys but when they are not functioning properly the procedure of dialysis used. Therefore it is a very important and beneficial process for people whose kidneys are not functioning properly or who cannot undergo a kidney transplant due to various reasons for example blood type or reactive immune system. The process of dialysis might look very simple but there is a lot more ethical complexity related to it that will be elaborated. (White & Fitzpatrick)
United States Renal Data System (USRDS). (2008). Annual data report: Incidence and prevalence. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from http://www.usrds.org/2008/pdf/V2-02-2008.pdf
...patient without help. Most common problems with peritoneal dialysis is peritonitis, a serious abdominal infection. This happens if the opening where the catheter enters the body and becomes infected or if contamination occurs as the catheter is attached or not attached from the bags. A peritoneal dialysis diet is a little different from an in center hemodialysis diet. People need to still limit salt and liquids, but may be able to have more of each compared with hemodialysis, must eat additional protein, may need to eat high-potassium foods, and may need to cut back on the number of calories they eat because there are calories in the dialysis fluids that may cause them to gain weight. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are treatments that help change the work the kidneys did. These treatments help them feel good and live longer, but they don't cure kidney failure.
The purpose of this paper is to take an in depth look at a renal diet which is designed for people suffering from certain kidney conditions. A renal diet can be described as a nutritional regime which is: “low in sodium, phosphorous and protein... [It] also promotes the importance of consuming high-quality protein and usually limits fluids. Some patients may also need to limit potassium and even calcium” (Nephcure). Throughout the course of this paper various aspects are addressed. these include: the role of the kidneys, the importance of professional guidance, the reasons why people follow a renal diet, monitoring sodium intake, monitoring potassium intake, monitoring phosphorus intake, protein consumption, and fluid control.
Health care policy targets the organization, financing, and delivery of health care services. The reason for targeting these areas is for the licensing of health care professionals and facilities, to make sure there is protection of patients’ private health information, and there are measures of quality care, mistakes, malpractice, and efforts to control of health care cost (Acuff, 2010). There are several stages that one must take when creating a policy (see figure 1). The figure below shows the critical steps in the policy process. First, the problem must be identified, once the problem is identified potential policy solutions must be formulated, then the policy is adopted, and then implemented. After the policy is in place, an evaluation of the policy has to take place (This Nation, 2013).
Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.