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Masculinity a socially constructed concept
Masculinity a socially constructed concept
Masculinity perception
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The Mamet Effect: The Interrogation of Hyper-Masculinity Playwright David Mamet has addressed many evocative and controversial social issues since he became prominent in the 1970s. Mamet’s most thought-provoking writings have addressed the role of men in society and how they view themselves, especially in regards to women. Hypermasculinity is a psychological term for the exaggeration of male stereotypical behavior, such as an emphasis on physical strength, aggression, and sexuality (Levant and Richmond 138). By showing the extremes of hegemonic behavior in his plays, Mamet has portrayed the social backlash against the feminist movement and the rejection of the men’s movement of the 1970s. The original men's movement was a “social movement …show more content…
He had taken a piece of toast from Grace’s plate, to which she responded “help yourself.” This provokes Teach, who launches a tirade, at Don and Bob; "Southern bulldyke asshole ingrate of a vicious nowhere cunt can this trash come” (11). Another prime example of this instability is the “male-cast play Glengarry Glen Ross, which establishes only the top salesman's position as truly masculine. This position is one which few of the characters are able to reach, much less to maintain, and thus the competition ensures failure for the majority to achieve an identity defined as masculine” (McDonough 201). The crisis of identity in this play is deeply rooted in the definition of masculinity. When the character Levene tells Williamson, "a man's his job,” he is clearly developing the implication “that doing a job is what makes a man, what gives a person identity as a man. Levene goes on to say that if "you don't have the balls" to do the job then "you're a secretary” (Mamet 75) The gender confusion of the men in Glengarry Glen Ross, while not complicated by the physical presence of women, is constantly evoked in language. Men who do not perform well are "secretaries" or "cunts." The dialogue of this play, even more so than in Mamet's other plays, seems to begin and end with the word "fuck," a sexually violent term which implies dominance and submission and is used metaphorically to describe all manner of interactions between people. Mamet has said of his language in this play that it "is not realistic but poetic," a "poetic impression" of the way his characters relate to each other” (McDonough 204). In Glengarry Glen Ross, what is the intention in the writing by Mamet, for the salesmen’s prolific use of the word "fuck?" The term “seems to stand
In the essay, “The High Cost of Manliness,” writer Robert Jensen discusses the harmful effects of having male specific characteristics, such as masculinity. Jensen realizes that men’s actions and ways of living are judged based upon the characteristic of being manly. He argues that there is no valid reason to have characteristics associated with being male. Society has created the notion that masculinity is the characteristic that defines males as males.
The concept of masculinity is considered as the qualities and characteristics of a man, typical what is appropriate to a man. In this article, A Community Psychology of Men and Masculinity: Historical and Conceptual Review, The author Eric S. Mankowski and Kenneth I. Maton, analyze four main themes: "Men as gendered beings, the privilege and damage of being a masculine man, men as a privileged group, and men’s power and subjective powerlessness. The second and fourth themes are described as
In Kimmel’s essay “’Bros Before Hos’: The Guy Code” he argues that the influence of society on masculinity is equal to or greater than biological influences on masculinity. In the essay, Kimmel uses various surveys and interviews to validate his argument. He points to peers, coaches, and family members as the people most likely to influence the development of a man’s masculinity. When a man has his manliness questioned, he immediately makes the decision never to say or do whatever caused him to be called a wimp, or unmanly. Kimmel’s argument is somewhat effective because the readers get firsthand accounts from the interviewees but the author does not provide any statistics to support his argument.
140). Hegemonic masculinity alludes to the stratification and interpretations of masculinity and, progressive systems of force, power, and acknowledgement among men, and amongst men and women (Connell, 1993). “International research has strongly confirmed the initial insight that gender orders construct multiple masculinities” (Connell, & Messerschmidt, 2005, p. 835). At any point in time, one type of masculinity can be socially elevated and more prominent in social settings (Connell, 1993). Hegemonic masculinity is the arrangement of gender stereotypes that encapsulates the current acknowledged response to the issue of the authenticity of patriarchy—which ensures the predominant position of men and the subordination of women (Connell, 1997). Furthermore, a considerable body of research shows that masculinities are not simply different but also subject to change” (Connell, & Messerschmidt, 2005, p. 835). “Hegemonic gender norms set expectations about what is “appropriate” for men and women” (Friedman, 2015, p. 147). For example, in our neoliberal capitalist culture men and women are bombarded with marketing that supports hegemonic masculinity and defines what being a man or woman should look like. “Hegemonic masculinity was understood as the pattern of practice (i.e., things done, not just a set of role expectations or an identity) that
In summation, Shakespeare defines and upholds traditional male gender stereotypes. Through the actions of Macbeth and his fellow characters, Shakespeare paints a clear picture on the canvas of verse of what a man should look and act like. From facial expressions views of death, a Shakespearean portrait of masculinity is a fully realized one. Although this work of literature is hundreds of years old, its assumptions about there being a universal idea of what it means to be a “man” are still relevant to today’s world. Everyday, men in the 21st century still live like Macbeth does, always striving to be a “true” man.
These mind games reveal a lot about the politics of the sexes. How men think the female mind operates and the irony surfaces when they are wrong in their assumption. This is how the grotesque is created with the mutual understanding , or shall I say, misunderstanding between the sexes, which is a major theme in Mamet’s
According to Kimmel, men’s reactions to the new situations were self-control, exclusion or escape- themes that continue to characterize American masculinity still
The way in which the ideal man, in terms of the male gender role, is portrayed is as hyper-masculine. The hyper masculine man is very muscular, violent, powerful, and has good self-control. While the ideal man is hyper masculine not all men feel as though they fit into that category. To counteract this a subgroup of men have formed a slightly different form of masculinity called Metrosexual. Metrosexuality is expressed differently than hyper masculinity but still holds the same core ideas. Modern masculinity "cling[s] ever more tenaciously to old ideals" (Kimmel 218) of masculinity, men being the breadwinners, and men being the leaders of the household . The old ideal of men, this being white men, being the breadwinners and being in control of the family is challenged as women and minorities make social gains and enter previously male exclusive circles of life, especially the workforce. Stresses related to social life and financial situations cause white men to feel insecure about their masculinity. In turn, men cope with this insecurity by viewing women and minorities as 'others, ' and they "just lash out at 'them, ' 'others, ' who now occupy the positions that once belonged to native-born middle-class white men" (Kimmel 220). In viewing women and minorities as 'others ' men create a dichotomy of 'us verses them. ' Hyper-masculinity promotes men to view women as others, which
Thirdly, we are going explore how Mamet’s protagonists show various degrees of personal stability. They are strangers of their own lives, with no particular sense of identity because for them the world is essentially meaningless, competitive, alienating and cold. It is my contention that the fragmentation of the society is mapped on the characters. In his article “Dominance and Anguish: The Teacher-Student Relationship in the Plays of David Mamet”, Hubert-Leibler draws attention to the construction of the characters:
In the text, The High Cost of Manliness, writer Robert Jensen discusses the harmful effects of having male specific characteristics such as masculinity. It has come to his attention that men’s actions and ways of living are judged based upon the characteristic of being manly. Jenson argues that there is no valid reasoning to have characteristics associated with males. Society has created the notion that masculinity is the characteristic that defines males as males.
However, there are also many instances where Stanley, a common working-class man, reveals his desire to be powerful and manly in his relationship with Stella, a woman who is of high class. Stanley is a man from a poor background and is married to a woman with a rich family history. Logically, Stanley may feel intimidated by Stella’s upbringing and feels that it is crucial to oppress her; it is hinted many times throughout the play as Stanley clearly demonstrates he is the one that holds the power by the way he treats Stella. Right from the start of the play, with Stanley’s introduction, he comes “around the corner… [with] a red-stained package from a butcher’s” (4), much like how an animal would bring its kill back home. With this, it is an analogy to a leader, Stanley, of a pack that brings back the food for the others to eat. The reliance of Stanley to bring back home the food broadcasts his will as the almighty alpha male that holds more importance than Stella. Furthermore, Stanley “heaves the meat at her (Stella),” (4) treating her as like a servant and also making a sexual innuendo. This action is one of disrespect and lets Stella know that she is under Stanley. This is an example of Stanley seeing Stella as a slave, a sexual object, under his control. Control is a large factor to Stanley as a husband and as a person. This is apparent when Stella explains that “Stanley doesn’t
In the views of Micheal Kimmel “hegemonic masculinity” is a socially constructed process where men are pressured by social norms of masculine ideals to perform behaviors of a “true man” and its influence on young male’s growth. It is the ideology that being a man with power and expressing control over women is a dominant factor of being a biological male. The structure of masculinity was developed within the 18th to 19th century, as men who owned property and provided for his family with strength related work environments was the perfect example of being a generic “American man.” Kimmel introduces Marketplace Manhood and its relation to American men. He states, “Marketplace Masculinity describes the normative definition of American masculinity.
Don Draper, the protagonist of the show, is emotionally isolated yet narcissistic, trapped in a suffocation of his own ego. Yet he seems to be the most liberal when it comes to serious female contribution in the workplace, although continues to sexualise those who haven’t proved their worthy capabilities to him. He is able to view Peggy and Joan as women who have alternative purposes than to please his sexual desires. Despite this modernist ‘transition’ of observing woman in a new light, he is still the one who gets to make the decision of what use each female character is to him. The male characters expectantly possess the dominating role within the show, as they did in 1960s society. In Mad Men, everyone chain-smokes, every executive starts drinking before lunch, every man is a chauvinistic pig, every male employee viciously competitive and jealous of his colleagues, with the endless succession of leering junior execs and crude jokes and abusive behaviour. (Mendelsohn, 2011, 5) The men are consumed within the competitive environment of the advertisement agency, adultery, drinking and smoking just accessories to the life-style of the alpha male. The female characters are ultimately more complex because they have less freedom.
Introduction Death of a Salesman and Glengarry Glen Ross are two plays which attempt to validate the key values that have been strongly advocated for by capitalism. The two plays dwell on somewhat similar themes, but these themes are presented in different styles. Both Miller and Mamet hold a similar interpretation of success in that the success of the main characters in the two plays is measured from a material standpoint. According to Miller and Mamet, these characters will do anything within their reach to stay ahead of other members of the society (the system/principle of capitalism), but as fate would have it, tragedies befall them in the end. Nevertheless, Miller and Mamet interpret these themes from different perspectives.
Instead of a threat that can be taken away, manhood is something that is presented in an strong light with the mention of wars, and hard work toward The American Dream. Tom’s overbearing interactions with Daisy, and William’s way of interacting with Myrtle seems to define an aspect of masculinity that revolves around women as background characters. The Great Gatsby’s version of masculinity is not an initial threat like when Levene was threatened by Williamson in the office, but instead as something honorable and a positive. Instead, masculinity is commodified, packaged and sold as a product. During the sweltering summer heat, Daisy sends an invitation for Nick, Gatsby, Tom, and Jordan to accompany her to lunch. It is here that the theme of masculinity arises in the story. During the outing, Daisy Buchanan states,“ ‘You resemble the advertisement of the man’ ” which shows the theme of masculinity being a form of success and “coolness” where masculinity is seen as a burden in Glengarry Glen Rose (Fitzgerald 157). By comparing Gatsby to an “advertisement of a man”, Daisy mentions that Gatsby is nothing short of perfection, and he is everything that the ideal American Man should become. He is the idea story of an American man who worked himself from poverty