Introduction/Background
One problem that many people come across in their daily lives is dealing with stains. The problem with stains is that by the time people figure out which remover to use, it may be too late to remove the stain. Not everyone is knowledgeable about the different types of stains and stain removers. Knowing which stain remover works best on which stains can help someone save their favorite piece of clothing.
Starting with the basics is the composition of stain removers. One ingredient in stain removers is ammonia (NH3). When ammonia is in its alkaline state, it is very efficient in destroying bacteria and breaking down stains. The next component is bleach (NaClO), otherwise known as sodium hypochlorite which disinfects and whitens fabrics. “It works by oxidizing (or stealing electrons from) the compounds comprising germs and stains, which effectively breaks down their molecular bonds” (ehow.com). Another factor in stain removers are enzymes. Enzymes speed up the reaction process and are also produced in living organisms. These substances distinctively assist in decomposing protein stains. The last ingredient in most stain removers is D-Limonene (C10H16) which “is a neutral compound that manufacturers extract from the rinds of citrus fruits such as lemons, limes and oranges” (ehow.com). Because D-Limonene is not soluble, companies must first mix it with a surface-active agent which will lessen its surface tension. This process allows it to easily combine with solvents.
Next, is how stain removers actually work. The first step of removing stains is dissolving the stain. Stain removers contain solvents, which dissolve chemicals. The basic guideline for dissolving is “like dissolves like” (chemistr...
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Stain Removers: Reviews. (2014). In consumersearch.com. Retrieved December 15, 2014, from http://www.consumersearch.com/stain-removers
University of Illinois Board of Trustees. (2014). Stain Solutions. In University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved December 15, 2013, from http://web.extension.illinois.edu/stain/ (2014). In http//www.apartmenttherapy.com. Retrieved December 15, 2013
Works Cited (Pictures in order) http://home.yourway.net/laundry-stain-removal-basics/ http://www.odorkill.com/ http://www.spotshot.com/faqs/ http://instoresnow.walmart.com/article.aspx?center=cleaning&id=77498 http://www.examiner.com/article/safety-precautions-for-pregnancy-exercise http://www.ecocarpetutah.com/blog/juicespills.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/17/garden/17roadtest.html?_r=0 http://cotton.missouri.edu/Classroom-Chemical%20Composition.html
Some of these solutions use the common cleaning agent ammonia hydroxide, which is non-flammable. The cleaning solution also contains isopropyl alcohol, oleic acid, pine oil and water. These ingredients are very non-toxic compared to some ingredients, such as formaldehyde, in other cleaners. Oleic acid comes from a variety of animal and plant sources. Pine oil is an essential oil that comes from needles, twigs and cones from pine trees. This pine oil is commonly used as a lubricant for small clock parts. Watch rinsing solution contains similar ingredients and is designed for rinsing out watch parts. The rinsing solution removes the oily film at room temperature and does not have any odor. Sufracants Dirt, grime and buildup can accumulate in cuckoo clocks, causing them to not function properly. Because of this, solutions that remove this dirt and grime, work well with heavy dirt buildup. Furniture polish should not be used because it can make the buildup problem even worse. Surfractants are usually used in cuckoo clock cleaners, while other cleaners are made out of soap. Surfractants are substances designed to allow water to move more freely on surfaces, which allows water to more effectively clean objects. Petroleum Distallate Watch cleaners usually use petroleum
Experiment #3: The purpose of this experiment to test the chromatography of plant pigments the alcohol test strip test will be used.
There are advantages to using 2-butoxyethanol as a key component of paints, inks, and primers. Due to its bipolar nature, it can help remove polar and nonpolar substances, and is found in many household cleaning products.
Wear a pair of latex gloves to protect your skin from the dye. Set a plastic on the floor to catch any dyes in case of spills. The stain from a dye is hard to wash off and may permanently damage your floors.
Pigments produced by microorganisms has been used to dye fabrics of different types. Talaromyces verruculosus produce a red colored pigment which is suitable to dye cotton and is harmless. Pigments from microorganisms give different types of shades of a color. For instance; Janthinobacterium lividum produce a pigment which gives purplish-blue shade to different types of fabrics. Thermomyces produce a yellow pigment used to dye number of fabrics specifically silk. NP2 and NP$ strains of Streptomyces produce dark blue and red colored pigments. Among retaining dye of microbial strains cotton fabric were stained comparatively weak while acrylic and polyamide fibers stained strongly.
After ten minutes had passed, I collected the ingredients needed to perform a gram stain. I got the primary stain, crystal violet, and flooded my smear for sixty seconds, and then rinsed the color off with water until the water ran clear. I then flooded the smear with the mordant, grams of iodine, and let that sit on the slide for sixty seconds as well. I then rinsed the grams of iodine off with water and applied alcohol to the smear to decolorize the cells; however I made sure not to over decolorize and only put enough drops on the smear till the purple ran clear. I then rinsed the slide with water and flooded the smear with safranin, the counter stain and let it sit for sixty seconds and then rinsed the color off with water.
the type of stains that can be simply remove. But the kind of stains that take years of steam
Sun, Jidong . "D-Limonene: Safety and Clinical Applications." anaturalhealingcenter.com. 3 November 2007. Web. 11 Sept. 2011. .
Cordoba et al (2012). determined catalytic activity of hematin for dye degradation. 92% color removal was noticed for 75 mg l_1 solutions. They presented their results using Doehlert array. They noticed hematin as an effective azo dye removing agent.
Mild abrasives to brush off any unwanted particles and light stains. Examples of abrasives include calcium carbonate, dehydrated silica gels, hydrated aluminum oxides, magnesium carbonate, phosphate salts and silicates.
To see which name brand of hand sanitizer will work the best in disinfecting bacteria and mold. This experiment will show people which hand sanitizer works best to stay disinfected when there is no access to soap and water when needed.
Vargas, F; & Lopez, O (2003). Natural colorants for food and nutraceutical uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton pp. 35-49, 257-277.
With the expansion of technology available to the textile industry emerged a growing want among those who produced the textiles for new colors. When this problem arose, textile producers called upon the chemistry industry to help lessen the need for textile producers to rely upon natural methods of bleaching such as sun, rain, sour milk, and urine (Britannica). While these methods had been practiced for centuries, the industry saw a definite want for a new and more efficient method of bleaching. From this point forth, chemistry’s role in the Industrial Revolution not only led to innovations in bleaching, but also led to great changes in the practice of chemistry, as we know it. In the mid-1700’s, a chemist named John Roebuck solved the problems of the textile industry with his invention of a new method for mass producing a chemical by-product known as sulfuric acid in lead chambers (Encarta 97). This discovery paved the way for sulfuric acid’s use in bleaching, and eventually led to the production of chlorine bleach, a common household product today.
Water alone can’t remove dirt. Soap allows oil and to mix so the dirt can be effectively removed. Surfactants lower the tension in water and help break down the oil and grease. Detergents have hydrophobic chemical chains which are repelled by water, whereas hydrophilic chains are attracted to water. In general, hydrophobic and hydrophilic chains work together to attack oil and water and break them down faster and easier.
Long ago, washing clothes was done through the process of rubbing sand on clothes, or by smashing the article of clothing with hard rocks. Also, by dipping clothing in water which removed excess dirt. Another way to get clothes clean long ago was, boats used to carry clothes in bags and dragged the bags in the water to clean the clothes or whatever else was in the bag. Many tried to think of simpler ways to wash clothes, but there was no troubled principle to get clothes clean. For using water to remove dirt was the base principle. Some of the first washing machines were hand operated and were wash boards. Then, in 1858 was when mechanical washing machines became introduced. This was a big step, for soon people around the world would try to keep improving this marvelous invention. Shortly after, Alva Fisher was said to have made the worlds first electric washing machine around 1907. “It was not until the modern washing machine was invented that women were freed from this hard work” ( Field Enterprises Educational Corporation 45 ). However, many ...