Peroxidases enzymes are broadly distributed in microorganisms, and animals, where these play specific roles. However they are also present in plants abundantly and have been involved in several biochemical and physiological processes, such as in the protection mechanism in tissues infected and damage physically, participation in lignification process, and in the elimination of toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide which is produced during redox reaction. (Bhatti et al., 2012).
Peroxidases contain haem proteins and have prosthetic group of iron (III) protoporphyrin IX (ferriprotoporphyrin IX). This is an assembly of oxidoreductases which catalyze the peroxiase reduction, like H2O2 and the oxidation of different inorganic and organic complexes (Hamid and Rehman., 2009).
Dyes, the complicated aromatic substances mostly used to colorize different materials. Sometimes they combine on structural area with heavy metals, are examined to have comparatively unsatisfactory results on the nearby environment because of its inhibitory and toxic response (Mohan et al., 2005).
About 10,000 diverse species of pigments and dyes are used in industries, which show that an annual use of almost 7×105 tonnes in world. Dyes are intractable and toxic materials, they oppose biological breakdown (Souza et al., 2007).
Many industries like papers, textiles, gasoline, and leather are huge users of azo dyes which contains the largest group of substitute organic chemicals. The waste produced from these industries and resulting by-products have both metal ions and dyes. These waste products become hazardous when present in the surroundings. The insolvable dyes have low decomposability and only 45–47% dyes materials are known as biodegradable (Rauf and Ashraf., 2012)...
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... maximum decolorization of 97 and 77% was detected for Solar Blue A and Solar Flavine 5G at and temperature 50ºC and pH 4 respectively. They observed that by increasing incubation time and enzyme units, the % decolourization also enhanced. H2O2 dose of 0.7mM for Salar Flavin 5G and 0.8mM for Solar Blue A was enough for the dye degradation.
Cordoba et al (2012). determined catalytic activity of hematin for dye degradation. 92% color removal was noticed for 75 mg l_1 solutions. They presented their results using Doehlert array. They noticed hematin as an effective azo dye removing agent.
Boucherit et al. (2013) used Cucurbita pepo (courgette) peroxidase to decolorize Direct Yellow (DY106) and azo dyes. They also noticed the effect of temperature, pH, concentration of H2O2 and enzyme on degradation. The decolourization of DY106 was verified by UV-Vis analysis.
Wear a pair of latex gloves to protect your skin from the dye. Set a plastic on the floor to catch any dyes in case of spills. The stain from a dye is hard to wash off and may permanently damage your floors.
The reaction will increase with the increasing enzyme concentration when the molecules of hydrogen peroxide are freely available. The more concentrated the catalase the more chance of the
Many factors, for example, pH and temperature affects the way enzymes work by either increasing the rate or determining the type of product produced (). The report, therefore, analyses the effects of the enzyme peroxidase in metabolic reactions and determining its optimum temperature in the reactions.
The heme prosthetic group, a protoporphrin IX ring structure with an iron atom ion the ferrous (Fe2+) oxidation state exist in both in myoglobin and he...
Green Chemistry is not only used in the lab when handling dangerous chemicals, but is also used in everyday life. Some areas where green chemistry may be applied is in medicine, biodegradable plastic, and paint. Pharmaceutical companies are always looking for better ways to make medications have less side effects by making them produce less toxic waste. Also, more and more companies are trying to create products that use compostable or biodegradable materials. Paints usually have toxic fumes that go along with them. Some painting companies are trying to create a product that emits less toxins to better human health and environmental
Early dyes were made using natural resources, like plants, berries, minerals, and seeds. Some of the earliest examples of cloth dyed with these natural substances come from ancient Egypt. During ancient times, the cloths, just like the dyes, were made from natural fibers, like cotton, linen, and wool. Later, as advancements were made in chemistry and manufacturing, humans learned to make synthetic fibers. By understanding how the molecules of dye react with the fibers, chemists can design many vibrant dyes that do not fade or run off when washed. In addition to what type of material they are made from, another way to categorize fibers is by their chemistry. Cotton and linen fibers are cellulose-based. Cellulose is the main component of plant
The results of this experiment showed a specific pattern. As the temperature increased, the absorbance recorded by the spectrophotometer increased indicating that the activity of peroxidase enzyme has increased.At 4C the absorbance was low indicating a low peroxidase activity or reaction rate. At 23C the absorbance increased indicating an increase in peroxidase activity. At 32C the absorbance reached its maximum indicating that peroxidase activity reached its highest value and so 32 C could be considered as the optimum temperature of peroxidase enzyme. Yet as the temperature increased up to 60C, the absorbance decreased greatly indicating that peroxidase activity has decreased. This happened because at low temperature such as 4 C the kinetic energy of both enzyme and substrate molecules was low so they moved very slowly, collided less frequently and formed less enzyme-substrate complexes and so little or no products. Yet, at 23 C, as the temperature increased, enzyme and substrate molecules
According to CSPI, Central For Science In The Public Interest, and several other resources these dyes have been linked to Cancer, Hyperactivity, and Allergic Reactions in humans. “Tests on lab animals of Blue 1, Blue 2, Green 3, Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6 showed signs of causing cancer or suffered from serious flaws, said the consumer group. Yellow 5 also caused mutations, an indication of possible carcinogenicity, in six of 11 tests.” These artificial colors were tested on lab animals and provided evidence that certain types of dyes when consumed by humans could produce harmful affects such as mutations or
Many companies all over the world produce chemicals for their products that are harmful to the environment, human health, and to all living species. Green Chemistry is the use of chemistry for the prevention of chemical pollution to the environment by using chemicals that are benign, or not harmful. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that the mission of Green Chemistry is, “To promote innovative chemical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and use of chemical products.” Green Chemistry contains any aspects and types of chemical processes that reduce the negative effects of certain chemicals, in a way, using chemistry to fight chemistry.
This would cause the environmental damage, and Everlane also is weak in responding to the issue of environmental impact. Though Everlane has been trying to focus on natural materials, there doesn’t appear any exertion on utilizing eco-friendly dyes. Chemical dyes will pollute water and overused energy have negative effect on environment as well as the climate change. Future trends for business is combine the operation of company with sustainability, so to be a sustainable fashion company, paying attention to environment is very important.
Chemistry is also beneficial in studying the chemical construction of hair dye and therefore learning how and why it works. The first safe commercial hair color was created in 1909 by French chemist Eugene Schuller, using the chemical paraphenylenediamine.
This experiment demonstrated the ability of agarose gel electrophoresis to separate the mixture of dyes into their individual components by the application of a combination of dyes to the same sample well. The experiment effectively demonstrated that the dyes where different in structure, energy, and composition. Most of the dyes where negatively charged at neutral pHs and only one with positive charge. The positive charge one moved an opposite direction compared to the other dyes.
Vitamin D plays an integral role in multiple systems in the human body, from its function in Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism, to modulation of the immune and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Grober et al. 2013). Unfortunately, factors such as diet, geographic position, and skin pigmentation are contributing to an increase of prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency around the world, consequently leading to a higher rate of associated illnesses. Namely, Cardiovascular Diseases such as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Hypertensive Vascular Disease, and Myocardial Infarction have been shown to be more common in people with lower levels of Vitamin D in their system (Lavie, Lee & Milani 2011).
Some examples of harmful toxins with difficult names include diethanolamine (DEA), formaldehyde, glucocorticoids, and triethanolamine (TEA). We are exposed to toxic chemicals in many ways. We may breathe them in as sprays and powders, swallow chemicals on our lips and, even rub them on our skin. According to a team of researchers who conducted a study on the relationship between exposure to phthalates and DNA damage on human sperm, “cosmetics frequently contain enhancers that allow ingredients to penetrate deeper into the skin. Studies have found health problems in people exposed to common fragrance and sunscreen ingredients, including increased risk of sperm damage, feminization of the male reproductive system and low birth weight in girls” (Duty et al. 1164). There should be regulations banning toxic chemicals from personal care and beauty products because toxins are bad for our health (1), the consumer faith in cosmetic companies are suffering (2), and other countries recognized the effects and banned it while America has not
The dyes & dye intermediate industry consumes large quantity of water & produce large volume of wastewater from different generated steps in dyeing process. The effluents generated are heavily coloured & contain high COD/BOD value. The effluent causes depletion of dissolved oxygen which has an adverse effect on the aquatic ecological system. There are certain physio-chemical, biological & advanced wastewater treatment technologies which are helpful in wastewater treatment of dye industry such as ion-exchange, adsorption, coagulation, R.O, chemical precipitation & electrocoagulation. Since electrocoagulation is very effective in removing dyes from large volumes of effluents & low in cost so it is mostly used. The main advantage of