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4 elements of a contract
Social contract theory and its effects
Social contract theory and its effects
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The scenario presented in this assessment centers itself around the identification of particular legal issues that are integral to contract law. It also begs one to apply legal principles in such a way as to determine the outcome of a legal dispute as well as see the dispute from the perspectives of both parties involved. A contract may be defined as an agreement between two or more parties that is intended to be legally binding. According to Graw (2012), every contract has a number of essential elements. These include the formation of the contract, an offer, agreement, consideration, the intention, and legality . In order to determine whether Barry’s and Sarah’s communications constituted a contract, there are particulars within this scenario which will have to be addressed and discussed. The discussion surrounding this scenario will focus on the elements of offer and acceptance because, in my opinion, these are the primary issues at play in the given dispute between the two parties.
Although contract law does not identify itself as a subjective practice, the law often uses ‘the intention of the parties’ as a means for resolving disputes and conflict. This does not refer to the actual intentions of the participants in the contract, but to the ‘proper inference’ from the “facts as a whole as to what would have been the intentions of a reasonable person in the position of the parties .” While contracts do not require a particular formality, they are formed when one party makes an unconditional offer and the other party accepts the unconditional offer. Agreed consideration is also an important element where this refers to the price or other particular guidelines under which the contract is undertaken .
In our scenario, Barry is...
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...communicate to Barry that she had accepted his offer of $1000 and no warranty. In addition, the two did not agree on terms and conditions so the offer was not valid.
Works Cited
De Rooy, Julie, Clarke, B. & Psaltis, M, Learning Guide: Law and the role of the courts (Swinburne University, Melbourne, 2012).
Chen-Wishart, Mindy, Contract Law (Pearson, London, 2012).
Graw, Stephen. An Introduction to the law on contract (Thomson Reuters, N.S.W, 7th ed, 2012).
McKendrick, Erin. Contract law (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2011).
Poole, Jill, Casebook on contract law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Young, Max, Understanding Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008).
Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & ALD 681
Grainger & Sons v Gough (1896) AC 325
Harris v Nickerson (1873) LR 8 QB 286
Pharmaceutical Society v Boots Cash Chemicals LTD (1953) 1 QB 401
However, the fourth element, which is "legal object," may not be satisfied between Sam and the chain store because there was nothing in writing, nothing was “drawn.” An oral promise would make the contract invalid if the completion of that promise will take more than a year from the date of agreement. However, if the chain store has written proof confirming Sam 's promise, for example, advertisements, invoices that the store only prepares in the regular course of business after an oral promise for a product delivery has been made, a court may consider Sam 's oral promise legally binding. Then it would be considered a "primary obligation" (since there was a debt incurred in anticipation of the sale of his invention at their stores). In that event, the contract does not need to be in writing to be enforced since primary obligations are not within the statute of frauds. So if the chain store does not get their 1000
However, the common law of contracts did not adequately address the specialized transactions that are routine in the sales of goods. Thus, while many of the principles of the common law of contracts are reflected in the UCC, there are important differences. One such difference lies in the acceptance of an offer. Under the common law of contracts, an acceptance must objectively manifest intent to contract.
The following is an analysis of a business situation between a supplier and a specific buyer of their product where the validity of a contract, and potential breach of contract is to be considered. Included in the analysis is the statement of facts, relevant legal rules of law, as well as a biblical perspective that can be considered in coming to a resolution and optimal outcome that will be mutual beneficial for both parties.
A legal discussion of the contractual breaches and their related legal elements will be examined in this section. Some of the legal issues surrounding the contractual breaches include, the legal implications of the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.), the defendant’s engagement in and outputs contract while under a requirements contract with my company, the doctrine of estoppel, and the issues of good faith and fair dealing. The definitions and some of the legal implications of the implied and requirements contracts were discussed in the preceding sections. An implied contract is defined as a “contract that is established by the conduct of a party rather than by the party’s written or spoken words” (Kubasek, Brennan, & Browne, 2015,
Contracts that are not for the sale of good which includes contracts for employment, real property, insurance, and others are governed by the common law and summarized in the Restatement of Contracts. Based on the expressed or implied contract presented in this case, the contract is governed by the common law. Therefore, Mr. Pending’s promise to Mr. Thompson is valid and enforceable under the case law and general law of contracts.
Champion, D. J., Hartley, R. D., & Rabe, G. A. (2012). Criminal Courts: Structure, process, and
Having evaluated the current state of English contract law, mainly made up of piecemeal solutions, it can be seen that despite being satisfactory and doing its job, there still remain gaps within the law of contract where unfairness is not dealt with. Moreover, due to the ad hoc nature of those piecemeal solutions, the latter have often produced inconsistent justice and have manifested cases of unfairness. Hence, “a relatively small number of respected Justices have endeavored to draw attention to the fact that the application of a general principle might be useful and even necessary in English law.”
A contract is an agreement, either oral, in writing or inferred by conduct, between two or more persons (the offeror and offeree or promisor and promisee) which is usually intended to be legally binding. A contract concerns 3 main issues, firstly, is there a contract? Secondly, is the agreement one in which the law recognises? Thirdly, when do obligations under contract come to an end and what remedies are there if a contract is broken? (Jones,2015). The question at hand surrounds Sam, who had been offered the opportunity to earn some money for university by helping Jo. But when Sam leaves for university, Jo refuses to pay any money. The following discusses whether Sam has a contract and whether he is entitled to be paid.
Intention to create legal relations can be defined as follows. ‘An agreement will only become a legally binding contract if the parties intend this to be so. This will be strongly presumed in the case of business agreements but presumed otherwise if the agreement is of a friendly, social or domestic nature.’ Source (HNC unit 5 Business law course book) In determining whether the parties intend their agreements to be legally binding the court is guided by two presumptions. Parties to a domestic or social agreement do not intend to be legally bond. Parties to a business agreement intend to be legally bond. These are presumptions only and can be rebutted by sufficient evidence to the contrary. Domestic and Social Agreements Balfour v Balfour (1919) Merritt v Merritt (1976) Simpkins v Pays (1955) Business Agreements Jones v Vemons Pools (1938) Source (HNC Business law notes) One of the essential elements in the creation of a binding contract, this intention is implied by the fact that it is not expressly denied. If expressly denied (as in a so-called gentlemen's agreement) the contract may not be enforceable. Consideration {text:bookmark-start} {text:bookmark-end} If you look at a legal agreement or contract, you will generally see a phrase in the opening paragraph indicating that the parties agree on an amount of money or "other good and valuable consideration." The concept of consideration has a long history in the law, but simply means something of value. An exchange of consideration between the parties to an agreement is necessary fo...
The English contract Offer and Acceptance General principles There are three basic essentials to the creation of a contract which will be recognised and enforced by the courts. These are: contractual intention, agreement and consideration. The Definition of an Offer. This is an expression of willingness to contract made with the intention (actual or apparent) that it shall become binding on the offeror as soon as the person to whom it is addressed accepts it. An offer can be made to one person or a group of persons, or to the world at large.
This case mentioned below is a fine example of understanding the Law of Contract in a better manner. (Gerald, 2014).
Frank A. Easterbrook, ‘Legal Interpretation and the Power of the Judiciary’ [1984] 7 Harv. J.L. Pub. Pol’y 87 http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/hjlpp7&div=18&id=&page= accessed 14 February 2012. J. A. Holland & Julian Webb, Learning Legal Rules, 6th edn, Oxford 2006, pp. 113-117.
Catherine Elliott Frances Quinn, English Legal System, Seventh edition. Gary Slapper and Davis Kelly, The English Legal System, Tenth edition.
Generally the price is fixed by the person who has made the offer but sometimes negotiation take place between two parties and then the price at which both parties agree is paid by the offeree. It is essential that the paid price should be that on which both parties agrees otherwise the contract will be considered as void. Some problems such as mistake, duress and non est factum can prevent mutuality between two parties. The case of Petelin v Cullen gives a better understanding about mistake and non est factum. In this case Petelin was deceived and was made to sign a document written in English but Petelin could not understand English, so the court announced that the contract was not enforceable.
Martine, Elizabeth A., Jonathon, Law. (2006) Oxford Dictionary of Law, 6th Ed, Oxford University Press.