From an economists point of view entrepreneurship is best considered as a function. The entrepreneur is what the entrepreneur does. Entrepreneurship was first described in economic terms by Cantillon (1755) who defined the components of trade but the term was accorded prominence by Say (1803). The modern theory of the entrepreneur is primarily concerned with the primary characteristic of the search for or the discovery of knowledge. The entrepreneur uses this knowledge in reallocating resources, where it is argued that the qualities of shrewdness and deviousness enter, to his own advantaged. The very nature of entrepreneurship, that is doing something new and remote making it unpredictable, makes it impossible to give a precise and universally acceptable characterisation of it. Consequently there is a diversity of opinion regarding its function and definition.
The neo classical theory of the firm, entrepreneurial activity is analogous to a fixed factor endowment because it sets a limit to the efficient size of the firm. The static and passive role of the entrepreneur in the neo-classical theory reflects the theory's emphasis on perfect information, which trivializes management and decisions making, and on perfect markets, which do all the coordination that is necessary and leave nothing for the entrepreneur. The classical and the neo-classical tradition both concerned primarily with the establishment of natural or equilibrium prices. It is the French classical tradition that the origin of the idea that profit is an income different from received capital and that it goes to the entrepreneur.
The Cantillion's entrepreneur, whether an undertaker, a land owner, or a craftsman is seen as an in between, a speculator who assumes the risk of buying goods, at one price and attempt to sell them for a profit, either in their original states or as new products. Thus as Kirzner (1973) would out it this act of entrepreneurship consists of realising the existence of market value that has hitherto been overlooked'. The unique characteristic of Cantillion's entrepreneur is foresight and the confidence to operate under condition of uncertainty and he it is argued successfully associates risk and uncertainty with the administrative decision making process of entrepreneurs.
J. B. Say built on the ideas of Cantillon and places the entrepreneur in a much more specialised and detailed role. He insisted that profit was a quite separate category of income from interest, and it was this that established the major distinction between the English and the French Classical economists.
Adam Smith has developed and created the most influential works of economic, philosophy and beyond. Adam Smith made an economic model for his theory involving the economic market through his books. Adam Smith produced his own book titled “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” which revolved around morals of humans and mercy toward a person or a community. On the other hand, the book did have a slight vision of the rejection of loving yourself and the slim idea what an individual wants for his or her self. Adam Smith also produced another book titled “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” that was based on the concept of the politics of economy. This book also gave the idea that wealth’s amount is determined by the amount of work not by length. Adam Smith’s book eventually g...
Although most economists cannot come to agreement on the definition of economics, the preceding quote from l. Robbins, in my opinion, seems to just about sum it up. Since the beginning, when man first had to choose between hunting and sleeping, there was economics. Today economics is in everything we buy, use, and make, from the gas in our cars to the food on our tables, economics plays a vital role with the manufacture, distrubution and consumption of each. To help us better understand the economic trends, certain men have become economist. In this paper I will revisit four of the major economists’ theories. Starting with the theories of Adam Smith, a philosopher well as an economist, to the modern (relatively) day theories of Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize awardee, we will chronologically review the theories of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Milton Friedman.
Smith, Adam. “Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System.” A World Of Ideas. Ed. Lee Jacobus. Boston: Bedford Books, 1998. 195-205.
Classical economists such as, Jean Baptiste Say, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Robert Malthus, had a different view about the role of the government in a capitalistic society. The classical economists believed in a laissez-faire economy. They believed that the government should keep their hands off the nation’s economy. They felt that the market will be able to keep itself stable, without the intervention of the government. Jean Baptiste Say believed that supply would create its own demand. The classical economists had an assumption that the aggregate production of goods and services in the economy generate enough income to purchase all output. They also had the assumption that savings by the household sector matches investment expenditures on capital goods by the business sector.
Locke’s emphasis on the importance of the creation of exchange value as the basis of property is an important rupture from preceding theorizations of property. It exemplifies a change in philosophy of property law that is important to Capitalism. Indeed, the very definition of Capitalism is “a system in which goods and services, down to the most basic necessities of life, are produced for profitable exchange” (Wood 2). Noteworthy is that a century after Locke's Second Treatise, his ideas are expressed and developed by in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations.
Adam Smith is widely regarded as the father of modern economics and one of the greatest economists throughout the course of history. He is mainly famous for a two books that he wrote, these two books are considered thee base and infrastructure of the world of economics. The two books he wrote were, “The Theory of Moral Sentimental” and “The Wealth of Nations”. But although Adam Smith was such a great economic philosopher, he wasn’t a very good foreteller or future predictor. The economic scenario now is very different from the economic landscape of the 1700’s. Giant super-corporations can now govern the flow of the market, unlike Smith’s time’s. Even though elements of Smith’s ideas have changed over time, some of his beliefs remain important factors in economics to this day. One of those truly unique philosophies is the “Invisible Hand”.
Adam Smith is considered as one of the most influential economists in the 18th century. Although his theories have been criticized by several socialist economists, however, his idea of capitalism still has great impact to the rest of the economists during classical, neo classical periods and the structure of today’s economy. Even the former Prime Minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher had praised on Smith’s contribution on today’s capitalism market. She commented “Adam Smith, in fact, heralded the end of the strait-jacket of feudalism and released all the innate energy of private initiative and enterprise which enable wealth to be created on a scale never before contemplated” (Copley and Sutherland 1995, 2). Smith is also being recognized as the father of classical political economy and he has two famous published works that laid out the reasons to support his ultimate idea of capitalism.
To begin, the Classical Economic Theory was made in the 1700's, which was during and after industrialization. Say's Law, which is the law of the market, is a principle of classical economics that says "supply makes its own demand" (Classical vs. Keynesian). It is supply driven and is also based off of a Laissez-Faire economic market. As we learned in our previous studies, Laissez-Faire means free market, which does not depend on the government. Having little to no government allows individuals to act according to their own self interest in regards to economic decisions.
There has been a large amount of attention paid to the subject of entrepreneurship in the last few years; mainly because most people have chosen to go from working for somebody else, to be their own bosses and work for their dreams. Nevertheless, many still wonder what is entrepreneurship and what is that sets entrepreneurs apart from other regular business owners. At first, it seems both concepts do not differ much from each other since they both start up and run businesses and assume risks to pursue opportunities; however, there are certain traits that difference them.
Risk and return are two concepts that cannot be ignored in business economics. The two concepts go hand in hand with the other since return reflects the risk that the entrepreneur had taken (Brandy, 2012). Additionally, the entrepreneur takes a risk depending on the return that he/she intends to make from the investment. It is not all times that greater risks lead to greater returns. Therefore, the statement greater risks lead to greater achievement or returns and vice versa are not always true. However, there is a positive correlation between risks and returns (Brandy, 2012). The content of this study will revolve around risk and return; and how the two assists in future business ventures.
"Entrepreneurs who start and build new businesses are more celebrated than studied. They embody, in the popular imagination and in the eyes of some scholars, the virtues of "boldness, ingenuity, leadership, persistence and determination." Policymakers see them as a crucial source of employment and productivity growth. Yet our systematic knowledge of how entrepreneurs start and grow their businesses is limited. The activity does not occupy a prominent place in the study of business and economics.
Entrepreneurship - a special kind of activity. Its constant conditions are limited resources, competition and uncertainty of the situation. The main tools of the entrepreneur are: thrift, cooperation and innovation. Consequently, enterprise is the independent economic entity, with rights of a legal entity, which is based on the use of labor collective property produces and sells products, works, and provides services.
Many people dream of becoming entrepreneurs someday. But it made me realize that there other factors that needs to be taken into consideration. We need to ask ourselves are we ready to take the challenge to the outside world. Not everyone have the vision, innovation and creativity to become an entrepreneur. The individual must have a positive attitude and accept the responsibility, have discipline to meet their goals, and take action when the opportunity presents itself. Many prefer a job security and rely on a weekly paycheck, while entrepreneurs will take risks and doesn 't have that luxury to know the amount of their income.
Entrepreneurship is an important aspect of social, economic and community life. It can be viewed as a critical factor to economic growth as well as a way of addressing unemployment (Nolan, 2003).Entrepreneurs are people who are persistently focused on identifying opportunities, they seek to create something worthwhile while taking into account foreseeable risk and rewards associated with the efforts (Nolan, 2003). Furthermore, entrepreneurs are frequently understood to be individuals who discover market needs and establish new business to meet those identified opportunities. The following assignment will firstly discuss the types of entrepreneurship, secondly it will discuss the reasons people become entrepreneurs, and thirdly it will discuss the importance of entrepreneurship.
An entrepreneur is a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of profit. According to Martin (2010) an entrepreneur sees an opportunity which others do not fully recognize, to meet an unsatisfied demand or to radically improve the performance of an existing business. To have self-belief that this opportunity can be made real through hard work, commitment and the adaptability to learn the lessons of the market along the way. For example, When an almost bankrupt security company was offered to her, Datuk Maznah Hamid and her husband, who were eager to change their ordinary life, took the plunge and sacrificed RM5,000 of their saving. Only then she realized that apart from managing the operation, she also had to be a manager, a clerk, an accountant and a receptionist. To grow their business, they had to sell their house and moved to a slum that came without electricity. But she persevered. Today, it’s difficult to find someone who has never heard of Securiforce.