Virtual Address Space Usage in Windows Game Development
August 2, 2007
Abstract
Windows Vista® significantly improved the way in which the operating system handles the graphic processing unit (GPU). The Windows Vista Display Driver Model (WDDM) enables better sharing of GPU resources among multiple graphics applications. The video memory manager component of WDDM virtualizes the available video memory resources for applications to use. This enables the new Windows Aero experience to run alongside other applications, such as video playback, which also use the GPU.
However, the virtualization of video memory increases the amount of virtual address space that applications use. Consequently, some applications may exhaust virtual address space when running on 32-bit Windows Vista. This paper describes the types of applications that might encounter such problems and the steps that Microsoft is taking to reduce virtual address space pressure for games running under WDDM.
This information applies for the Windows Vista operating system.
The current version of this paper is maintained on the Web at:
http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/display/WDDM_VA.mspx
References and resources discussed here are listed at the end of this paper.
Contents
Introduction 3
Virtual Address Space Limits in 32-Bit Windows 3
Solutions 4
Interim Solution 4
Long-Term Solution 4
Resources 5
Disclaimer
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Microsoft is an American company that was founded by William Henry Gates III, as known as Bill Gates, and his his high school friend Paul Gardner Allen in 1975 April 4. But unluckily, Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkin’s disease. In 1985 October 20, Microsoft released Microsoft window. It is the first original operating system. It is a graphical extension for MS-DOS. Even though, it’s not handy like nowadays Microsoft window. Then in 1990, Microsoft introduced Microsoft office, which is a bundle office productivity application with Microsoft Word and Microsoft excel. The Microsoft Word was the first application that could display italics. And the Microsoft Office would be available for free for all the PC World’s computer that is produce on that same year in November. In the 2000 February 17, Microsoft released Window 2000 operating system, and according to Microsoft it is the most safe operating system in the world at that time. But still, there are so many problems and glitches need to be fixed. Besides there are mutable computer viruses are made specially to attack Window 2000. Rush to gain back the sales. In the 2001 October 25 Window xp is available. The new operating system fix most of the problem. Although some of the user were still complaining the system that it will take your information, but in the 2007 January, there are 76% of people in the entire world are using the operating system.
Technology changes rapidly everyday and the computer industry is a tough frontrunner in technology. There is so much competition going on out there in world, and to compete with everyone you must step ahead from others. Microsoft have demonstrated that how dedicated they are in evolving computer program by always being one step ahead from others. Microsoft’s greatest power is to build the superlative computer software than others. Today, Microsoft is one of the most successful companies not in United States but in the world. The success of the company can be described in one of the quotes of Bill Gates, “I think it's fair to say that personal computers have become the most empowering tool we've ever created. They're tools of communication, they're tools of creativity, and they can be shaped by their user.”
Every reproduction or utilization of software without having the corresponding license granted by the holder of the right of author or his representative is considered illicit and passive for sanction administrative and/or judicial.
8. Samuelson, Pamela. Copyright’s fair use doctrine and digital data, Association for Computing Machinery., Communications of the ACM; vol. 37, Issue 1; New York, 1994. p. 22.
There have been many arguments and issues that have been raised with the controversy over Microsoft and the U.S. Department of Justice’s claim against Microsoft and its founder Bill Gates of monopolistic practices in bundling its internet browser “Internet Explorer” into its popular Windows computer operating system. By doing this, Microsoft would effectively crush its competitors (it’s main rival being Netscape Navigator), and acquire a monopoly over the software that people use to access the Internet.
While the product life cycle for Microsoft is a little bit different, Microsoft has completed its stage of maturity since it completed the IPO in 1983. Yet Microsoft is still remaining strong on many products and services. In the meanwhile, Microsoft also experienced failures in some products and services such like Windows Vista. However, there is no sharp decline for the company. Therefore, Microsoft should be placed on the slight decline curve of the product life cycle, and it has been making efforts in growing stronger as a company that provides both great software and hardware to the global
In this paper, team B will discuss the internal and external factors of the Microsoft Corporation. We will explain how these factors affect the four functions of management, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Also, we will explain how globalization, technology, innovation, diversity and ethics will be delegated to manage the different factors. Microsoft Corporation was established in 1975 in Albuquerque, New Mexico producing software for developing, manufacturing, licensing, and support for range of software products and service for different type of computing devices. Microsoft grew from six employees to the largest personal computer software company in the world. By 1978, Microsoft earned $500,000 in the first quarter, and by the end of the year they earned revenue of $1,000,000. In the early 1980s Microsoft, in collaboration with IBM they released MS-DOS as their first 16-bit operating system. However after the late 1980s, Microsoft started to build its reputation by creating the Microsoft windows operating system and Microsoft office product, which includes internet explorer, excel, PowerPoint, and word programs. Then in the late 1990s, Microsoft teamed with Sega to incorporated their windows software package into the game developer’s Dreamcast hardware. Also they developed their own gaming system called the Xbox and that eventually was replaced by the xbox360. Microsoft has come a long way and is no longer just a worldwide leader in computer programming but also a major part of the technology world. Microsoft windows have been the flagship and accounts for most of its revenue for Microsoft: but the company has also branched ...
The article is a credible primary source peer-reviewed journal article published in Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). This is a non-profit organization which publishes computing articles of differing views. Martin Ford is highly qualified in technology and the future, having a business degree along with a computer engineering degree. He is unbiased in his article, using only logic and data to support his
Microsoft’s mission of placing a “PC running Microsoft software on every desk and in every home” drove their overall strategy early on. Depending on the business segment within Microsoft, one would see in place very different business models as the strategy for each line of business could vary. In the operating system (OS) segment, Microsoft initially brought in an existing product and modified this (MS-DOS) to work with the Intel microprocessor, which were the “brains” of the IBM PC. Microsoft partnered with IBM to provide the operating system for the IBM PC. In addition to developing Windows, Microsoft during this period was working to write applications for the Apple OS.
...e user while using the software applications. This could be word processor documents, spreadsheets, presentations, web pages or game save files. It is important to keep this data secure, as it could include important information such as customer details, employee payroll data or financial information. There are huge amounts of user data stored by businesses that are absolutely vital to the running of the business.it is therefore extremely important to keep a copy of this data that is currently stored on the system.
The standardized quality of MS Windows98 has really made the PC market as a whole take a rocket boost from the past. Most people who oppose this stance would say that standardizing a product wouldn’t cause anything but a monopoly. This is fiction because people choose products that are simply reliable and of good quality. The success of Microsoft’s operating system hasn’t been used to cause a monopoly in the browser marker, but to increase the quality of their software. A statement from Bill Gates on the 7th of December stating “ I am proud of the work our people have done to bring the benefits of the Internet to consumers, and I am confident that the courts ultimately will uphold the importance of the freedom to innovate.” The intensity of the Internet lies in it openness, freedom and incredible reach. It is physically impossible for any individual or company to be its controlling switch, as the number of Internet users continue to grow by easy access due to Internet technologies being added to quality operating systems such as Windows. Internet user will constantly demand high quality and maximum choice, and will travel to wherever they receive the best value for the money and time. As consumer interest in the Internet continues to grow, Microsoft’s role will be what it always has been. Aimed to provide the software building blocks for a rich computing experience and to build into that software all of the open Internet standards, protocols and platforms services which enable developers to write great applications. Even though Microsoft has included Internet capabilities in its Windows operating system since the launch of Windows 95, the Windows platform also provides excellent support for other leading browsers besides Microsoft’s own Internet Explorer.
Virtualization technologies provide isolation of operating systems from hardware. This separation enables hardware resource sharing. With virtualization, a system pretends to be two or more of the same system [23]. Most modern operating systems contain a simplified system of virtualization. Each running process is able to act as if it is the only thing running. The CPUs and memory are virtualized. If a process tries to consume all of the CPU, a modern operating system will pre-empt it and allow others their fair share. Similarly, a running process typically has its own virtual address space that the operating system maps to physical memory to give the process the illusion that it is the only user of RAM.
U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress. "The Digital Millennium copyright Act of 1998." December, 1998. May 7, 2000. http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/
...n extension as easy as possible for programmers to use (Denning, 1997). Virtual memory also makes better use of memory by loading in just a few pieces. This means at any one time, only a few pieces of any given process are in memory, therefore, more processes can be maintained in memory. For virtual memory to be realistic and effectual, two ingredients are needed. First, there must be hardware support for the paging and/or segmentation scheme to be employed. Second, the operating system must include software for managing the movement of pages and/or segments between secondary memory and main memory. Virtual memory combines your computer’s RAM with temporary space on your hard disk. When RAM runs low, virtual memory moves data from RAM to a space called a paging file. Moving data to and from the paging file frees up RAM so your computer can complete its work.