primary methods when comparing forensic soil samples employ the use of microscopes and manually examining the colour, texture, density gradient and mineralogical content. After a primary manual examination has been conducted x-ray diffraction along with another method such as x-ray fluorescence are used to discover the chemical composition of the sample. These methods are considered to be useful for discriminating between samples which have inorganic minerals, however Bommarito et al (2006) believe a
composites powder was further investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra using an X-Pert PANalytical diffractometer (PW3050/60) using CuKα radiation in the range 20° to 80°, the magnetization vs magnetic field (M-H) plot of barium hexaferrite was obtained using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and the average particle size was obtained from the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The Room temperature X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studied by (S/N: 10001, Prevac, Poland)
first ones to finish the race. The media article went on to describe the experiment that took place at Bielefeld University. The researchers used an advanced attosecond time-resolved laser spectroscopy to time how fast the electrons were. The material used was tungsten diselenide that allowed four photoelectron emissions channels that each had their own unique initial state properties. In addition, the author(s) notes how this experiment of the electron race was measured in the conditions where the
morphology found to be hexagonal shaped. The CHPs are competent to form the monolayer on the AuNPs surface resulting electrostatic interparticles interaction, and plays an important role in stability for long periods of time (12 months). The X−ray photoelectron (XPS) spectrum, showed a strong peak for the pure ‘Au’ phase. The FTIR spectrum indicated that the electrostatic capping of the CHPs, which drives the formation of organic−inorganic CHPs−AuNPs composite. The CHPs−AuNPs establish low viability
Raman spectroscopy is capable of depth profile, in-situ kinetic measurement and temperature calculation. Combining with SERS sensor, the weak Raman scattering could be dramatically enhanced, which is usually called Surface-enhance Raman spectroscopy (SERS). It will provide a powerful technique to observe very subtle bond variation information in ultra-thin film samples and interphases. This study attempts to understand the in-situ kinetic surface nano-structure, reaction and interfacial analysis
structure, X‐rays scattered by ordered features will be scattered coherently in certain directions for satisfying the criteria for constructive interference, signal amplification. The conditions required for constructive interference are determined by the English physicist W.H. Bragg and known as Bragg’s law. The Bragg’s law describing relationship a beam of X-ray having particular wavelength diffracts at certain angle from a crystalline surface defined by equation nλ = 2d sinθ λ= X‐ray wavelength
Chapter-2 Efficient ZnO NPs catalyzed Friedlander annulations in the synthesis of diverse quinolin-2(1H)-ones 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF QUINOLINONES AND QUINOLINES The quinolinone and quinoline ring is highly prevalent in natural compounds. There are synthetic and potential agents, which show various pharmacological properties (Priya et al., 2012). Quinolinones are important structural intermediates for synthesis of functionalized quinolines (Baston et al., 2000). Quinolines have demonstrated various