rhizosphere soil was able to produce vitamin B12. Streptomyces which is one of the few microorganisms which produces significant amount of vitamin B12. (Hall et al, 1950) [2], was used by another group of researchers (P.Selvakumar et.al)(2012)[3]. They have isolated it from natural marine environment, in this research they got a good concentration of vitamin B12 range from 1.9μg to 45.3μg per ml. Among different 15 strains of Streptomyces, Streptomyces rochei produced maximum amount of Vitamin B12 (45
injections, oral or inhealer. Kanamycin production Chemical formula of kanamycin C18H36O11N4 and they are obtained from the soil bacteria named Streptomyces kanamyceticus. Kanamcycin production involves a search of optimal media for systematic production. the production involves large number of carbon and nitrogen for antibiotics production. streptomyces species can utillies suger, suger alchohol and some organic acids. Kanamycin antibiotics can be available on oral, injection, In kanamycin production
Transketolase is an essential component of many enzymatic, biochemical processes. According to the National Center of Biotechnology Information, in conjunction with a self-paraphrased definition, transketolase is a thiamine pyrophosphate, metabolic coenzyme which is partly responsible for various catalytic reactions, sucrose breakdowns and chemical, ketose transports. Albert L. Lehninger, Michael Cox and David R. Nelson, the authors of Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, confirm this proposed definition
Antibiotics have been vital tools in the fight against bacterial infections, however their effectiveness has waned in recent times due to the advent of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. According to a review by P, the uses of antibiotics, as well as influences from the environment have allowed such bacterial strains to respond to changes in their environment rapidly, and so develop resistance. This acquired ability can have serious and broad implications in the medical field, evident in
Symbiosis in nature In Christianity, it has been said that we really do need each other. God has reflected that idea in His creation. Many animals really do need each other in order to survive. For some, it’s obligatory, for others, it is not essential in order to survive. Symbiosis is a truly unique process in nature. The eventual outcome of any symbiotic relationship is usually for the best of either or both parties. One must look at this phenomenon at the right angle. For, from the evolutionary
Stewart, Philip S, (2001) states that antibiotics are elements that are used to kill, or hinder the multiplication and growth of organisms. Especially, these antibiotics are meant to control fungi and bacteria. In this case, the antibiotics that are used in killing bacteria are referred to as bactericidal, and the ones that are used to prevent the multiplication process are bacteriostatic. The primary microbes for antibiotics are bacteria and fungi. These microorganisms are crucial to facilitate
bacterial ribosomes. 2. Name and describe the actions of the aminoglycoside subgroup. Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum drugs that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to one of the ribosomal subunits. One of the first aminoglycosides used was Streptomyces, but now it has been somewhat replaced by less toxic forms. The aminoglycoside subgroup is used to treat the bubonic plague. Gentamicin is less toxic and is used for gram negative rod infections. A new aminoglycoside, tobramycin, is a drug being
characteristics such as, solubility, water holding capacity, gelation, thickening, emulsification, and heat stability (Gharibzahedi and Jafari 2017a, 2017b, 2017c). Moreover, this crosslinking enzyme can easily be produced from microorganisms particularly Streptomyces mobaraensis in a fermentation system (Gan and others 2008). TGase exhibits activity in the pH range from 5 to 8, with a maximum around pH 7. In addition, it has been shown to maintain its activity up to 50 °C, but be inactivated at higher temperatures
conjugated with one basic amino sugar (Desopamine) and one neutral sugar (Cladinose). Figure 2.2 Erythromycin base showing the aglycon (red), the basic amino sugar (green), and the neutral sugar (blue) [2] Erythromycin was first discovered in 1952 in Streptomyces erythreus. The spectrum of activity is equal to penicillin. The antibiotic activity is linked to the presence of the desoxy sugars. There are three known forms of erythromycin. The structure of erythromycin-A is the most common used in formulations
shades of a color. For instance; Janthinobacterium lividum produce a pigment which gives purplish-blue shade to different types of fabrics. Thermomyces produce a yellow pigment used to dye number of fabrics specifically silk. NP2 and NP$ strains of Streptomyces produce dark blue and red colored pigments. Among retaining dye of microbial strains cotton fabric were stained comparatively weak while acrylic and polyamide fibers stained strongly. Red, orange and yellow colors can be taken from Monascus sp
Introduction Microbes are the smallest organisms that cannot be seen by human naked eyes. But, microbes can be observed under the microscope. Microbes include viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Microbes commonly harmful to human but some are beneficial. Microbes play important roles in human life. Nowadays, microbes are used in various types of industries like food industry, biomedical industry and agriculture or our environment. Microbes are important to our environment because they used
INTRODUCTION: Bacteria play a very decisive role of silently getting the nature purge of the dead matter through the disintegration of dead organic matter by the microbes. They use them as a foundation of nutrients, and in turn help in recycling the organic compounds trapped in the dead matter. Through this process, other organisms also get profited, who can use the simpler forms of organic compounds/nutrients released from the dead matter by various bacteria. Figure 1: Decomposition
antibiotic research center at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ohio, Gerry Wright, has studied the genes of 500 streptomyces strains, a type of bacteria, many of which had never previously been identified. All 500 strains held antibiotic-resistance genes and on average were resistant to 8 of 21 tested antibiotics (Sachs). With an average resistance rate as high as 67 percent in some of these streptomyces species, it is evident that antibiotic-resistance is a rising problem. Regardless of the countless studies
What is an animal tested product? Is it a medicine? Or is it a cosmetic?Some people might think animal tested products as complicated stuffs. In fact, animal tested products are easily found around our lives. As animal testing is available in many uses, it has a long history and has been controversial for many years. Those who insist on abolition of experiments for animals argue that alternatives for animal testing exist. In addition, the protesters think that human’s anatomy and that of an animal
paddy,weeds and other plants and microorganisms or still under favorable soil conditions oxidized to form nitrites and then to nitrates. The bacteria that complete the ammonification process are Bacillus, Clostridium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces and known as ammonifying bacteria. The important step in ammonification is deamination which means removal of the amino group from proteins and amino acids and results in the discharge of ammonium. Ammonium is return to the environment when organic
Microbes are microscopic life forms, usually too small to be seen by the naked eye. Although many microbes are single-celled, there are also numerous multi-cellular organisms. The human body has 10-100 trillion microbes living on it, making it one giant super-organism. Since the first link between microbes and diseases was made, people have been advised to wash their hands. Scientists, however, have recently started to investigate more closely how the microbes that call the human body home affect
Microorganisms started life on Earth billions of years ago. They started the Biosphere from the formation of photosynthesis by bacterial creating an oxygen atmosphere that helped plants and animals to develop. Microbes are usually unicellular and cannot be seen by the naked eye. Without microorganism, nothing would be supported and maintained on Earth in nature and life. Microbes help keep nature’s water and soil clean by removing toxins and degrade organic matter in a form of recycling from
WEEK 3 PRACTICAL 3 3.1 : METABOLISM – FERMENTATION AND RESPIRATION IN YEASTS INTRODUCTION Yeasts are facultative anaerobes. They are able to metabolize the sugars in two different ways which is aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. The aerobic respiration also known as cellular respiration takes place when glucose is broken down in the present of oxygen to yield carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP. While in anaerobic respiration
Microorganisms play an important role in our life: helps us to digest our food, decompose wastes and participate in various life cycles. They are diverse and have adapted to inhabit different environments including extreme conditions, such as hot vents under the ocean to ice caps; hence known as extremophiles. There are more microorganisms present in us than there are cells, and the various microorganisms are bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Many people associate microorganisms as death and
One source of great mortality and morbidity in Europe and North America is the cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis. It is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the intermediate and large arteries characterized by the thickening of the arterial wall and is the primary cause of coronary and cerebrovascular heart disease (Wilson, 2005). It accounts for 4.35 million deaths in Europe and 35% death in the UK each year. Mortality rate are generally higher in men than pre-menopausal woman.