Helladic fortification walls on the Greek mainland are found surrounding citadels, not the entire city or site. The citadels seem to have housed central administration and housing for an elite class of citizens. They were built on hills, presumably as another layer of fortification. I will examine the sites of Gla, Midea, Tiryns, and Mycenae to look for similarities and differences in the design and architecture of their fortifications, as well as, arguments about the purpose of the fortifications at these
Fortification is defined as, the adding of essential vitamins and trace elements to food. One of the first foods to be fortified in the United States, was wheat flour; which is still practiced today. Although the practice is no longer revolutionary, fortification of wheat flour is one of the topics growing worldwide that not very many people know about. For that purpose, this paper touches on the origin, what affects the basis, and requirements of wheat flour fortification in the United States. The
important fortification to one of supremacy. Castles have two main functions, to provide a residence for an army and for military purposes. Dover castle is an example of a castle that takes these needs to an extreme- it was a royal castle, a castle fit for the king, and a castle with a military importance like no other in England, it was described as the key to England. [IMAGE] The pharos at Dover, evidence that the site had been occupied for thousands of years [IMAGE]Fortifications at Dover
Introduction For over 500 years, magnificent castles of all shapes and sizes were built across Western Europe. These strong fortifications were built to defend the many occupants of the castle. The stunning architecture of these structures, continue to amaze people all over the world as the remains of many can still be viewed after thousands of years. Castles were first introduced in England by William the Conqueror in 1066 CE . He and his Norman Lords built castles along the English countryside
in the military affair in the period of 1450 and 1800 is believed to had been shaped by a number of reasons. All the reasons, that is to say, the invention of gunpowder, technology, trade, an increase in economy and different types of defensive fortifications are considered to have played an equal role in contributing the revolution in the military affair. However, some historians interpret the military revolution differently and have distinguished opinions towards the revolution from each other representing
club proceeded through the sling and boomerang, bow and arrow, sword and axe, to gunpowder weapons of the rifle and machine gun of the late nineteenth century” . Throughout the Crusades we saw the introduction to new ideas such as siege towers, fortifications, pitched battles, ranged weapons, polearms, and blunt hand weapons. The question that I will be focusing on throughout my paper will be, how the warfare of the Middle Ages, specifically the Crusades, impact warfare of the modern day? I will be
Catapult: With the arrival of fortifications such as forts, strongholds and gigantic walls to protect cities from hostile forces, conquering cities became so difficult and costly to do that every civilization must come up with an ingenious way to overcome this problem. Out of all methods ranging from complex engineering feats such as the siege tower to simple methods such as employing ladders, none are as well-known or as old as the catapult. The catapult is a siege engine that propels a variety
word: Castle. The castle’s development cannot be pinpointed to a particular year or location, though the first castle is widely accepted as being Doué-la-Fontaine and Langeais in the Loire Valley of France. Both these castles were originally stone fortifications that served as homes to local warring Counts. As time went on and their feuding got more violent, their homes got more impressive, each count adding levels and stones to their homes. This one-upmanship continued until, at some point, the homes
developed it into the most well-known work of military architecture of all time during the next fifty years. With its location of 700 meters above sea level, and in between the valleys of Homs and Tripoli, and being the perfect design of middle age fortification, the castle was never taken by storm. B. Plan Analysis: • Crac des Chevaliers has two concentric lines of defense: 1. the inner entrance/rampart lying close to the outer 2. the outer curtain wall furnished on the north and west sides with eight
Architectural Studies: Diocletian Palace Tasanee Durrett ARC 231 History/Theory of Architecture I Professor Schrenk March 11th, 2014 Introduction In the subsequent pages, I have investigated the architectural design of Diocletian’s Palace in Split, Croatia. It will be noted the overall purpose of the residence and its materiality. The essential structural aspects and formal significances will also be investigated throughout the paper. Additionally, there
Castle architecture was significant when constructing the ideal stronghold defensive castle. The architect and builders of the fortress had concise thoughtfulness into the construction of natural area, walls, towers, and gateways. The natural area gave the castle extra protection from the surrounding area, while the walls, towers, and gateways all amalgamated to protect the inside of the castle and protect the castle’s weakest points. Before the castle could even be constructed, they first had to
During the middle ages, most buildings and structures were constructed for a specific purpose, for example, houses, churches, statues, etc., but a castle’s main purpose, on the other hand, was very dependent on the occupier. Castles have been used throughout history as a military base, stronghold, household, and as a seat of government, and have been built over many generations and time periods. They have also been found all throughout the world. How have these monuments changed over time and how
the castle itself proved an overwhelming obstacle for the attackers to capture. The castle was steadfast as it contained ton after ton of stone, which was nigh impossible to impregnate without weakening the supports by tunneling underneath the fortifications As the 16th century opened, the invention of gunpowder came about. Along with that was the mighty siege cannon, allowing attackers to smash through walls with relevant ease. Adjusting to this new machine, engineers used the idea of the “sunken
Medieval Siege Weapons This is a brief paragraph or two on each of the major siege weapons. For the not just the besiegers but also the defenders. Please note most of these weapons were not used alone and often had many different versions of the same weapon. KNIGHT At age seven a son of a noble family was sent to a nobleman or lord, often who was a relative. Here he was a page and taught how to ride a horse, and his manners. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a knight. As the squire
Whittington Castle When assigned the England project, I wanted to research something having to do with my heritage. My ancestors originate from England. Correspondingly, I chose Whittington Castle. According to an old English legend, one of my family ancestors, Dick Whittington, set out from the castle for London, in search of his fortune. After residing in London for a time, Dick Whittington went on to be "thrice Lord Mayor of London". That piece of history supposedly occurred in 1368, but
Exploring the Changing Role of Castles Between Norman and Tudor Times The introductions of castles were brought to Britain by William I (better know as William the Conqueror). He came to power by beating King Harold in the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Then King William started his campaign to conquer the rest of England and to do this he introduced castles to Britain. Castles became the military stronghold-cum-residences from which he could police the newly conquered lands. The first
BRITISH CASTLES Great Britain’s castles exemplify artistic characteristics and were essential elements in the lives of kings, lords, nobles, and chieftains. The word castle means a building or group of buildings usually intended as a residence of a king, lord, noble, or chieftain. There are many different types of castles, and the features about them are simply amazing. Warfare was also an important issue involving castles. They had to have some means of protection. The castles reached their
A trebuchet a simple machine from the middle ages when attacking the opposing side. The Chinese invented the trebuchet in 300BC, the French were using trebuchet more than anyone. A force is a push or pull, but if unbalanced it can change an objects motion. The force used in a trebuchet is gravitational force, which is applied when the counterweight is pulled to the ground to launch the projectile in the air. The counterweight has to be heavier than the projectile or the trebuchet won’t work. The
Daniel Mattos 11/12/15 PD 5 A catapult is a ballistic device that is uses to throw projectiles over a great distance. Although the catapult has been used since ancient times, it has proven to be one of the most effective mechanisms during warfare. The word 'catapult' comes from the Latin 'catapulta'. Castles and fortified walled cities were common during this period – and catapults were used as a key siege weapon against them. As well as attempting to breach the walls, flammable missiles
The History of a Trebuchet The history of a trebuchet is long and complex seeing as civilizations have struggled to properly maintain records throughout time. The term trebuchet comes from the French word “trebucher”, which means “to throw over”, or “to fall”. The war machine was called “Ingemium” in England, called so as it was Latin for “ingenious”. This ancient form of the trebuchet is called a traction trebuchet. Instead of utilizing a weight and gravity as modern ones do, this structure required