OSI/ISO Protocols OSI protocol is a network of guidelines for swapping information. Each of these principles of OSI protocols were developed and innovated by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) which started in the late 1940s. “Since that time ISO has circulated over more than 19,500 international guidelines covering nearly all features of technology and industries across the world in which stated members from ISO” (ISO story). “Today, Geneva, Switzerland, ISO have members from 164 countries and people grind full time for their Central Secretariat” (ISO story). In the early 60s, delegates from several countries met in overseas to discuss the future plans for International Standardization. In the late 40s, ISO publically becomes into reality with more than 50 groups of experts concentrating on a particular subject. The first offices of ISO were located in Geneva in a small secluded house. At that time they consisted of five members on staff. By the early 50s, the first ISO standard was created and has been updated numerous times throughout the years since it first came about. Since the design of ISO they distributed information once a month, about their technical teams, the guidelines issued and administrative modifies to the organization and its members. “During the 60s, ISO issued the standard ISO 31 on quantities and units, and is grounded on S.I”( ISO story). “The SI sets out one unit for each quantity for instance, the meter for distance and the second for time.”(ISO story) The intention of the SI system is to spread global equivalence in units of measurement. During the sixties ISO was driven to include more evolving countries in its global work. By 1961, ISO established a committee named DEVCO. This t... ... middle of paper ... ...ters information for security purposes. For instance, password encryption. The application layer involves application programs and user interfaces. It is at this layer that user's network with all of the systems that the model outlines. It supports many features that enable discussion of information across users. For an example, it provides an application service, network software amenities for sending of e-mails. The applications that uses these services include FTP and Telnet which exist entirely on this layer. The application layer serves as the frame for users and application processes to access network services. This layer holds a variety of needed functions, Remote file access, Device redirection and Resource sharing, Remote, Directory services, Inter-process communication, printer access, Electronic messaging Network virtual terminals, and Network management.
ISO 9001 is a quality management standard that helps a company or an organisation to continually monitor quality across all operations. As an internationally recognised quality standard, it outlines ways to achieve, as well as
“Why Does the US Have a Different Measurement System?” wiseGEEK, conjecture corporation, 2013. Web. 1 November 2013
ISO/IEC 12207 is an international standard for software life-cycle processes. It aims to be the standard that defines all the tasks required for developing and maintaining software.
Academic Search Complete. Web. The Web. The Web. 31 Mar. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'.
The International Organization for Standardization – ISO9001 – defines an audit as “A systematic and independent examination whether quality activities and related results comply with planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve objectives”.1
The ISO aims to align the plethora of different standards into one quality system that can handle many standards. In order to align the standards, ISO has to first move the standards towards more competence, consistency, and impartiality so that businesses who follow them can practice the three tenants more openly in their process (Diesing). The revisions that have been completed on the various ISO standards, specifically ISO 9000 and 9001, have allowed companies in any industry to easily adopt them, making them prime models for future revisions to other ISO standards and indicators of how these standards will change over time. These standards are increasingly moving away documentation heavy manuals that force companies to adhere to stacks of procedural manuals which prevent adaptation to new procedures. The recently revised standards embrace subjective definitions for how companies define field-specific terms and rely on measurement of progress more than how well a procedure is followed to determine the success of a company in producing quality products. Current ISO standards focus more on identifying the particular task or activity that presents problems or delays in an organization rather than the old methods that involved writing procedure manuals to attempt to limit unknown variables that could raise issues
In this paper it was argued that the United States should convert to metric system. The reasons that supported this included: being more used and understood, the calculations are easier, and that measurements can be made smaller or larger just by using prefixes. If you are a true patriot and support the United States of America then you should join the urge to switch to the metric
Kenney, Ian. "The Disadvantages of the Metric System of Measurement | EHow.com." EHow | How to Videos, Articles & More - Trusted Advice for the Curious Life | EHow.com. Web. 07 Oct. 2011. .
...number of observations are in order. First, the ISO Development Environment (ISODE) was developed in 1990 to provide an approach for OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows OSI applications to operate over TCP/IP. During this same period, the Internet and OSI communities started to work together to bring about the best of both worlds as many TCP and IP features started to migrate into OSI protocols, particularly the OSI Transport Protocol class 4 (TP4) and the Connectionless Network Layer Protocol (CLNP), respectively. Finally, a report from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1994 suggested that GOSIP should incorporate TCP/IP and drop the "OSI-only" requirement. [NOTE: Some industry observers have pointed out that OSI represents the ultimate example of a sliding window; OSI protocols have been "two years away" since about 1986.]
When developing an architecture for a system, there are different patterns which can be used depending on the needs of the customer and the requirements of the new system. One of the popular architectures is the client-server architecture. According to Sommerville (2011), the client-server architecture functionality of the system is broken into services with the services being delivered from a server and the clients are the users of the services, (p. 161). An example of client-server is an employee logging into Active Directory network. The computer they are logging into is the client, and then it pulls information from the server to give that employee the rights and access to the network they need for their job duty. The client-server pattern is used when need to share data in databases over a range of locations.
The ISO, by contrast, defines ―”quality” in [ISO, 1999] as “the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs”. And
The accreditation of laboratories based on ISO standards is a step further then quality assurance and quality control which greatly facilitates the work of a medical scientist. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), founded in 1947, is a worldwide federation of national standards body which publishes its guidelines as International Standards (Iso.org, 2017). Accreditation is a procedure by which an accreditation body gives formal acknowledgement that a laboratory is competent to carry out specific tasks. It is a voluntary process undertaken by a laboratory which includes an extensive array of quality tasks beyond quality assurance and quality control (Rai et al., 2017). The ISO 15189 quality standard contains requirements for quality and competency in medical laboratories. Accreditation of a medical laboratory requires the Implementation of a quality management system that complies with all of the requirements included in the ISO 15189 standard. ISO 15189 was created by the International Standards Organizations Technical Committee and has been implemented in over 200 countries worldwide. Accreditation based on ISO 15189 encourages a strong level of consistency in compliance to medical laboratory laws and legislation both from an international and national perspective. Accreditation also promotes laboratory
. ISO 14001 is a management standard, it is not a performance or product standard. The underlying purpose of ISO 14001 is that companies will improve their environmental performance by implementing ISO 14001, but there are no standards for performance or the level of improvement. It is a process for managing company activities that impact the environment.
ErrealMedia (2010) Network standards OSI Reference Model; History of OSI Model; OSI Layers in Action http://www.erealmedia.com/cms125/
ISO 9001:2008 is a world-wide accepted standard for quality management systems. As such, ISO 9001:2008 focuses on a large variety of business activities – not merely on quality control. Implementing ISO 9001:2008 will affect virtually all of the business processes. The websites of ISO and the 9001 Council contain much information on ISO 9001 and how to implement it (Iso.org). An introductory online ISO 9001 course is also available on the website.