The information on heronries in India pertains mainly to a few regional studies (Mahbal, 1990, Nagulu and Rao, 1983, Naik et al., 1991, Naik and Parasharya, 1987, Parasharya and Naik, 1990, Santharam and Menon, 1991, Sharatchandra 1980, Singh and Sodhi, 1986), several site specific studies (Chaudhuri and Chakrabarti, 1973, Datta and Pal, 1990, 1993; Gee, 1960, Nagulu, 1983, Neelakanatan, 1949, Neginhal, 1983, Paulraj, 1984, Ragunatha, 1993, Ragunatha et al., 1992, Sanjay 1993, Subramanya et al., 1991, Subramanya and Manu, 1996, Urfi 1989c, 1990, 1992, 1993a,b; Vijayan, 1991) and a number of site records (Abdulali, 1962, Ali, 1960, Baker, 1935, Barnes, 1886, 1891, Barooah, 1991, Bates and Lowther, 1952, Badshah, 1963, Betham, 1904, Bingham, 1876, Bhat et al., 1991, Bolster, 1923, Chhaya, 1980, Daniel, 1980, Hume, 1881, Jamgaonkar et al., 1994, Packard, 1903, Urfi 1992, Uttaman, 1990, Wilkinson, 1961). Very few studies have been so far carried out on the colonial water birds of Indian mangroves. Mukerjee (1969) studied the feeding habits of few selected water birds in the mangrove forests of the sunderbans. Prasad (1992) reports about a large inaccessible heronry in the Krishna mangroves. Subramnaya (1996) updated the existing information on the status, distribution and conservation of Indian heronries.
2.2 Breeding Biology:
Colonial breeding i.e., breeding among densely distributed territories that contain no resource other than nest sites (Perrins and Birkhead, 1983) is an unexplained form of social reproduction that occurs in many vertebrates. (Wittenberger et al., 1985, Brown et al., 1990). Coloniality is an evolutionary puzzle because individuals apparently pay fitness costs to breed in high densities. Identified costs are increased transmission of parasites and diseases (Moller, 1987), cuckoldry (Moller et al., 1993), increased intraspecific competition for food and mates (Moller, 1987), cannibalism and infanticide (Wittenberger et al., 1985 and Moller, 1987). Despite the costs, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain how colonial breeding may benefit the individual, but there is still little support for most of them and none appears compelling (Wittenberger et al., 1985 and Siegel- causey et al., 1990). Until the end of the 1980s, most discussions on how coloniality evolved were dominated by the two hypothetical advantages of enhanced food finding (Barta, 1995) and reduced predation (Wittenberger et al., 1985, Anderson et al., 1993 and Clode, 1993). By the end of that period, reviews concluded that avian coloniality is not a simple or unitary phenomenon and that not all breeding colonies are adaptive for the same reason.
The four-pointed forkbird has the best suited evolutionary fitness. By the end of the activity, there were only two two-pointed forkbirds, one one-pointed forkbirds, and seventeen four-pointed forkbirds. This shows that four-pointed forkbirds have a better chance of surviving and passing on their traits.
Intro: Charles Darwin’s natural selection comes to mind when viewing the aggressive behaviors in crickets. This interaction comes into play specifically when competition for resources, such as foods and females, are scarce. Thus, only the organism most fit in the environment would be allowed to survive and pass on its genes. Pioneers of animal behavior, pave the way to understanding the why animals act the way they act (von Frisch, 1967; Lorenz, 1952; and Tinbergen 1951). With further integration between different biological organizations, we see the rise of new possible research, especially in crickets (Wong & Hoffman, 2010). The house crickets, Acheta domesticus, would normally display little to no aggression between males because of their natural behavior to live in groups. But when isolated for a length of time, ag...
The short story, “The White Heron” and the poem, “A Caged Bird” are both alike and different in many ways. In the next couple of paragraphs I will explain these similarities and differences and what makes them unique to the stories.
Through appeals to ethos and appeals to pathos, “A White Heron” by Sarah Orne Jewett and “The Happy Prince” by Oscar Wilde both accomplish to get across the importance of selflessness in humanity. During these two stories the protagonists of each sacrifice something that could have helped them or what they wanted to help others around them.
Broad, K.D, J.P Curley, and E.B Keverne. "Mother–infant Bonding and the Evolution of Mammalian Social Relationships." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Royal Society, 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.
Heron Carvic real name Geoffrey Rupert William Harris was an English author and actor most popular as the creator of the Miss Seeton series of novels. He also got widespread fame for portraying Gandalf in the BBC reenactment of the Hobbit for radio. He also played the part of Caiaphas the Priest on the popular play The Man Born to be King on BBC Radio. As a young man, Heron Carvic would leave Eton and travel across the Channel to France to earn a living as an actor in France. It was in France that he took up his grandmother’s name to use as his stage name, which outraged his family back home. He would meet Phyllis Neilson-Terry a woman 20 years older than him when he was 23 whom he proceeded to marry in 1958. As a writer, he created one of the most memorable of British characters in the retired art teacher Miss Emily D. Seeton. His character who was a caricature of Agatha Christie’s Miss Marple was very popular leading to Carvic publishing five
Jonathan Weiner, The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York:
Some individuals have developed different traits to help them in the process of intra-sexual competition. The organisms with more distinctive traits have greater reproductive success. More genes of those traits are then ‘selected’ and are passed onto the offspring of the organisms. Throughout time variability in these traits becomes
The sexual “arms race” is constantly going on within members of a species. While both male and female are trying to pass on their genes to the next generation, they both try to do this in a different way. Females are attempting to obtain genetic material from the best possible male in order to produce the fittest offspring, while males are trying solely to pass their own genes on to the next generation.
Presently, the rate of species extinction is occurring several thousand times faster than has been observed over geologic time. (Purvis, E., & Mace, 2000) Though they represent a minority of all species, island species make up 75% of animal extinctions since the 16 000's. Because of traits inherent to islands, including isolation and small geographic range (Purvis, E., & Mace, 2000), islands are more susceptible to extinction than the continents. This results in a disproportionate ratio of island to continental extinctions. For example, 20% of the world's bird species inhabit islands, but of historical bird extinctions, about 90% were islanders (Frankham, 1997). With the endemicity that follows island isolation (particularly oceanic islands) often comes a direct correlation between local and global extinction. Low population numbers add to the threat of extinction. Generally, the more endemic a population, the greater the extinction rate (Purvis, E., & Mace, 2000). In the absence of mammalian or reptilian predators, unique island species do not develop the evolutionary experience required to cope with alien species upon their introduction. In New Zealand, the extinction rate of bird species is positively correlated to its level of endemicity (Duncan & Blackburn, 2007). This endemicity lends itself to the development of traits which increase their susceptibility to predation, especially large size, flightlessness and prey naiveté. Of island extinctions over the past 50 000 years, human activities (eg. invasion, alteration of environment, over-exploitation, etc.) have been the primary cause (Duncan & Blackburn, 2007). Also cited as attributing to the extinction of island species is inbreeding depression (Frankham, 1997).
John Updike’s poem “The Great Scarf of Birds” expresses the varying emotions the narrator experiences as he witnesses certain events from nature. His narration of the birds throughout the poem acts as numerous forms of imagery and symbolism concerning him and his life, and this becomes a recollection of the varying emotional stances he comes to terms with that he has experienced in his life. These changes are so gradually and powerfully expressed because of a fluent use of diction and figurative language, specifically symbolism and simile, and aided by organization.
In Cold Mountain and "A Poem for the Blue Heron", tone is established in a multitude of ways. These two pieces of literature describe the characteristics and actions of a blue heron, both aiming for the same goal. However, Charles Frazier and Mary Oliver approach their slightly differing tones employing organization, metaphoric language, and diction.
...roach by combing all three of these mechanisms might be required to fully balance the two-fold cost of sex. (West, Lively, Read) The mutation accumulation theory requires mutation rates to be high, (Kondrashov, 1993 Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction), each deleterious mutation will lead to a decrease in log fitness then the previous one, and population sizes have to be large for it to work properly. Even though some models may not be able to fully explain the two-fold cost of sex, it just might play an important role. A pluralistic approach helps “shift the emphasis of empirical work away from the search for discriminating prediction to parameter estimation”. This approach also “emphasizes environmental and mutational mechanisms interact synergistically in a number of ways and outweighs each other’s weaknesses”. (West, Livley, Read)
Eastman, J. (1997).14-Crow and Jay Family (Corvidae). Birds of forest, yard, and thicket. (pp. 127- 145). Mechanicsburg, Pa: Stackpole Books. Retrieved from: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) [Accessed 3 March 2014]
" Society & Animals 18.2 (2010): 183-203. Academic Search Premier -. EBSCO. Web. The Web. The Web.