Software architecture represents a common abstraction of a system that most if not all of the system 's stakeholders can use as a basis for mutual understanding, negotiation, consensus, and communication [2,12]. According to Microsoft’s definition “software architecture is the process of defining a structured solution that meets all of the technical and operational requirements, while optimizing common quality attributes such as performance, security, and manageability. It involves a series of decisions based on a wide range of factors, and each of these decisions can have considerable impact on the quality, performance, maintainability, and overall success of the application [11]. Software architecture manifests the earliest design decisions …show more content…
de Boer have proposed four primary views on architectural knowledge [3]. In pattern centric view, Patterns serve two purposes, patterns are reusable solutions that can be applied to recurring problems and they also form a vocabulary that provides a common frame of reference, which eases sharing architectural knowledge between developers. Requirements are the roots of a software architecture, so in requirement-centric view of architecture, requirements and the architecture need be co-developed and all the possible solutions must be specified. It requires traceability in the transition from requirements to architecture as well as root-cause analysis of architecture design. In decision centric view of architecture, the researchers have started to consider not only the resulting architecture but also the rationale behind the architecture which is as important to consider. All such architectural knowledge needs to be managed to guide system evolution and prevent knowledge vaporization. Systems that exhibit dynamism can dynamically adapt their architecture during runtime which can be referred as dynamism centric view. Based on these architectural view the software itself must understand the architectural knowledge, architecture based adaptation has to rely on rather formal ways of codification. A dynamic software architecture must provide a specification of how the architecture of the software system can change at …show more content…
Goknil [6] the requirements of a systems cannot be static they are prone to change and new requirements emerge frequently. New and/or modified requirements are integrated with the existing ones, and adaptations to the architecture and source code of the system are made. The process of integration of the new/modified requirements and adaptations to the software system is called change management. The size and complexity of software systems make change management costly and time consuming. To reduce the cost of changes, it is important to apply change management as early as possible in the software development cycle. Requirements traceability is considered crucial in change management for establishing and maintaining consistency between software development artifacts. It is the ability to link requirements back to stakeholders’ rationales and forward to corresponding design artifacts, code, and test cases. When changes for the requirements of the software system are proposed, the impact of these changes on other requirements, design elements and source code should be traced in order to determine parts of the software system to be
Some software systems have a relatively short lifetime (many web-based systems), others have a lifetime of tens of years (large command and control systems). Some systems have to be delivered quickly if they are to be useful. The techniques used to develop short-lifetime, rapid delivery systems (e.g. use of scripting languages, prototyping, etc.) are inappropriate for long-lifetime systems which require techniques that allow for long-term support such as design modelling.
Adapt to externalities. Correct evaluation, however additional analysis is required. The IT department needs to collaborate with the business to better understand how organization changes impact applications and systems. Moreover, IT needs to strengthen the IT-business alignment to stay abreast of future changes. One methodology that may assist here is business architecture, a blueprint of the business that supports aligning strategic objectives and tactical demands.
Answer: Software changes is inevitable. Change is inevitable in complex systems because of various causes like the requirements gathering, their design, specifications, user requirements etc. All software systems must evolve to meet the ever - expanding needs of its users. Gathering entire requirementsat a single stretch may sometimes be not possible for complex systems. In such cases, the changes are made to the systems after the development. Also, user requirements change from time to time. So to accomplish their requirements, changes are made. Designing complex systems and accomplishing all the needs and requirements is difficult in complex systems. So these are designed and developed with initial requirements and then changes are made to the existing
Sommerville, I. and Sawyer, P. (2000) Requirements Engineering: A good practice guide. Chichester: Lancaster University.
Five characteristics of infrastructure architecture include scalability, availability, reliability, portability, and accessibility. Scalability describes how well a system can scale up, or adapt to the increased demands of growth. Availability refers to the time frames when the system is operational. Reliability ensures a system is functioning correctly and providing accurate information. Portability refers to the ability of an application to operate on different devices or software platforms, such as different operating systems. Accessibility refers to the varying levels that define what a user can
A framework is a set of classes that supports reuse at larger granularity. It defines an object-oriented abstract design for a particular kind of application which enables not only source code reuse, but also design reuse [Johnson & Foote, 1988]. The framework abstract structure can be filled with classes from its own library or application-specific ones, providing flexibility for the developer to adapt its behavior to each application. Besides flexibility, a good framework also increases the team productivity and makes application maintenance easier [Fayad et al. 1999].
In this paper discuss about the global analysis factors that globally influence the architecture design of a system. Result of the global analysis improve its adaptability. Successful projects prepare for change by noting the flexibility of influencing factors and their likelihood of change, characterizing interactions among the factors and their impact, and selecting cost-effective design strategies to reduce the expected impact of the changes. Some categories of influencing factors are considered during global analysis: organizational, product & technological. Global analysis goes just examining requirements . It includes technological and organizational factors. Global analysis method consists of two phases: Analyze factors and Develop issues
In this blog, I will present some tips that we use at Intraway for a good requirements elicitation and thus, to get a clear definition of the scope of a project. Why do scope change requests arise? Every project is born from a "stimulus", such as the need for a business, market demand, profit, technological advances, legal and social requirements, among others.
While developing a software many complex activities are required which in turn have dependencies along them. Large software projects require the involvement of programmers, documentation specialists, program managers, architects, database analysts, system analysts, , and trainers and last but not the least testers. Along with their independent responsibilities these persons are also responsible to maintain and keep a check on the software system quality as well.
BY NOW YOU'VE read and heard plenty about .NET, Microsoft's new enterprise application strategy. A nuts-and-bolts rundown of .NET's features may leave you asking, "Does this have anything to do with me?" If you run Windows on desktops, .NET's impact will be minimal, and if you operate Windows servers, .NET could require making a few changes. But if you specify, design, develop, or implement enterprise software or Web applications, keep in mind that .NET drastically changes Windows' profile. You can't use the old rules to determine Windows' suitability for an enterprise task. The assumptions, design models, and development techniques that have worked since Windows NT 3.51 will soon be obsolete.
When researching about design patterns in programming you instantly realize that they can be very useful in implementing a certain piece of code or just having it as a useful programming practice. Design patterns are created to solve common programming problems that keep on recurring in a certain context when designing a program. There are several types of design patterns that are all split into several groups. Some of these groups are Algorithm Strategy Patterns, Execution Patterns, Structural design patterns, Creational design patterns, Behavioral design patterns and Computational design patterns. Each of these sub groups of design patterns goes about solving a different type of problem. Design patterns can be beneficial because of the simple fact that they are solving programming problems that would usually surface when programming.
Frameworks support reusability concept in object oriented programming. Framework has many advantages in designing part of software development but designing of framework will consists of many abstract classes. Developer should have fair idea on abstract classes concepts and developers needs to be very well experienced in object oriented programming so that developers can develop efficient frameworks which we can use for reusability in object oriented programming language.
In recent years a cognizance has grown of the importance of software architecture. ”The software architecture of a system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software components, the externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships among them”-- Bass et al [1]. Software architectures are essential because they represent the single concept for understanding the structure of a system and form the basis for a collective understanding of a system and all its benefactors. The IEEE recommendation outlines architecture as the fundamental organization of a system embodied in its modules, their relationships to each other and to the environment and the main beliefs guiding its design and evolution.
Previously we have discussed the detail study of the system that analysis the requirements . While the requirements specification activity is entirely in the problem domain, design is the first step in moving from the problem domain toward the solution domain. Design is essentially the bridge between requirements specification and the final solution for satisfying the requirements[]. In this chapter we will produce a model that represent the system which can be used later to build the system. In the next sections we are going to discuss the architectural design of Smart Course. The architecting process can be thought as a decision making process in which the appropriate decisions must be made. Upon to that we will answer and clarify fundamental questions like: is the system centralized or distributed, how the system will be decomposed into model, which control , organization and reference model are selected. Moreover, we describe the main model that represent the Smart Course.
There are many different ways to define an architecture as they can take many forms, including logical views, scenarios (or sequence diagrams), physical views and deployment views. Each view provides a specific type of information within the diagram and is directed to a certain audience, including Web architects, data architects, application architects and end users.