Elections are a tool or technique used by the people to elect their representatives. Elections held in Malaysia aimed to choose their representatives for the legislators (law makers) whether the Legislative Assembly (DUN) or the Parliament. PR can be categorized in two forms, namely:
1. General Election; and
2. Small Election
General Election
General Election was held every 5 years maturity which is when an elected government that had previously been achieved as stated in the Constitution of Malaysia. However, the Constitution and the rules allow the general election held earlier by the dissolution of Parliament or the Assembly first. General election (GE) 12th edition (the first time since the year 1959) was held on March 8, 2008, at about 4 years after the general election to the 11th. GE-11 was to be held on March 21, 2004.
Small Election
This election is not scheduled as the General Election. He held the vacant seat caused by the same representatives in the Assembly or Parliament. This vacancy occurs due to several factors such as the death of elected representatives (the most common cause) or elected representatives in the General Elections to resign for one reason or another.
However, small Elections can only be held if the next general election is still much to be competed within 60 days or 90 days of Peninsular Malaysia in Sabah and Sarawak, the date of the vacancy.
For example, assembly elections Permatang Pasir, Pulau Pinang, to be held on August 25 due to deaths later state assemblyman Datuk Mohd Hamdan Abdul Rahman of the Parti Islam se-Malaysia (PAS) on July 31, 2009.
Here is a list of election to the post-GE-12 due to the factors described above.
1. Parliamentary election Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang 2008 - MPs resign
2. Parliamentary election Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 2009 - The death of the original MPs
3. Parliamentary election Bukit Gantang, Perak 2009 - the death of original MPs
4. State assembly election Bukit Selambau, Kedah 2009 - MPs resign
5. State assembly election Batang Ai, Sarawak 2009 - The death of the original MPs
6. State assembly election Penanti, Penang 2009 - MPs resign
7. Assembly election Manek Urai, Kelantan 2009 - The death of the original MPs
8. State assembly election Permatang Pasir, Pulau Pinang 2009 - The death of the original MPs
9. State assembly election Bagan Pinang, Negeri Sembilan 2009 - The death of the original MPs
Since the beginning of the government, people gained and lost their jobs whenever a new president took office. These jobs were political pay-offs for people who supported them. Many people did not take their jobs too seriously because they knew they would be out of their office soon. As Henry Clay put it, government officials after an election are "like the inhabitants of Cairo when the plague breaks out; no one knows who is next to encounter the stroke of death." Over the years the flaws that were made and the problems that resulted became more obvious. After an election you could open a newspaper and find many advertisements, which offered government jobs that were filled before the election.
So, what happens after a party wins? It has been observed, “Legislative seats almost always work to benefit the party winning the most votes” (Tufte, 1973). If the share of the votes increases, the share of the seats increases, and in most elections the winning party still will probably have less than 65% of the vote. The theory of the Cube Law says that the vote odds equal the seat odds, and that the outcomes of the votes to seats ratio will be predictable no matter what (Tufte, 1973). Although this Law has not necessarily predicted a correct outcome in every election since its birth, it should be noted that its accuracy around the whole world is higher than in just specific
...s vote for a party instead for an individual, and when the votes are tallied for the region the regional representative seats for that region are divided among the parties in proportion to the share of the vote that each party received.
The authors describe some of the advantages of a MMP system: “Mixed electoral systems provide fairly proportional outcomes, maintain the geographic link between constituents and members, provide for greater choice, and allow the opportunity for smaller parties to represented in Parliament” (p. 11). This system works better than the current FPTP or plurality system, because it allows citizen’s a second opportunity to have a voice. This is important because it would allow our minority groups to have a greater political influence. As mentioned earlier, in the current system all votes for candidates who lost, were insignificant to the election outcome. The authors explain: “Only those votes that go to the eventual winner count towards electing a representative, which may discourage people from voting or promote disaffection with the system” (p. 3). Alternatively, the MMP system allows citizen’s a second opportunity to elect party members in order to proportionally represent the popular
Widodo, A. (1995) The stages of the state: The arts of the people and Rites of hegemonisation. Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 29, pp.1-35.
As a representative of the Algo ethnic group, I want to say that our people would like the new state to introduce a parliamentary system of governence. Parliamentarism is a system of government in which the head of government is elected by and accountable to a parliament or legislature. One could rightfully ask: What is our reasoning for desiring this? We think it is justified because in presidential systems the populace at large votes for a chief executive, who is the President, in a nation-wide election. This is revenant as the Algo comprises the minority of the population of the Republic of Jarth, which consists of only 1.1 million representatives in the whole state, compared to that of 2.9 million Randies, 3.8 million Dorfas and 2.2 million Takas living in the Republic of Jarth. One can reasonably assume that the outcome will most likely be that the cumulation of the majority’s vote will hinder the representation (in numbers) of the members of the minority in office. Subsequently, the Algo will have to live under the control of a leader from another ethnic group again, which the Algo members tremble at the thought of because we are proud of their ethnicity and do not wished to be shamed for it. On the other hand, in parliamentarism, the first step is an election of members of parliament, which are the political parties. This is imperative since it will allow the Algo to be able to choose the party we really share interests with....
2011. "Constituency Influence on ‘Constituency Members’: The Adaptability of Roles to Electoral Realities in the Canadian Case." The Journal of Legislative Studies 17 (3): 327-339.
Electoral systems are methods that calculate the number of election positions that parties or individuals are awarded with after an election. There are three types of electoral systems that are generally used around the world. They include plurality electoral systems, majority electoral systems, proportional representation. The party list system, a sub category of proportional representation has long been assessed and analyzed by a number of different groups to identify whether can be deemed successful. In particular, since its introduction in the 1850’s the single non-transferable vote or SNTV is one particular electoral system that has been evaluated. SNTV is a system that is utilized for use in multi member elections and can be used for both provincial and legislative systems. SNTV is used in a number of different countries for different situations, not all of them government related. Some places that apply the use of SNTV include Ireland, parts of Australia, parts of the United States, parts of Asia and in Afghanistan. Through a careful investigation it can be seen that SNTV is similar in many aspects to other electoral systems and in which ways politicians politick. Yet, SNTV also influences some different types of politicking by politicians as a result of the way in which votes are tallied.
Hasim Bin Mustofa, Bangladesh to get back GSP if there is no politics, http://news.prio.com, Accessed on February 13, 2014.
Nasution, AB 2001, ‘The transition to democracy: Lessons from the tragedy of Konstituante in Crafting Indonesian Democracy’, Mizan Media Utama, Jakarta, ISBN 979-433-287-9
Although a web-based unscientific opinion poll has shown Mr. Thapa’s party leading in the seat count of the second Constituent Assembly, other similar surveys tell otherwise. One survey puts the Nepali Congress ahead, w...
To examine how the socio-economic status of the Malays corresponds to their political marginalisation, we must first establish that they are indeed politically marginalised. Political marginalisation can be taken to mean low political interest and low political trust, “indicating a feeling of distance to the political sphere of society” (Oskarson, 2010, p.7), and it is intrinsically linked to the theoretical concept of political efficacy, that is, an individual’s feelings of their own potential influence on politics, as well as their faith and trust in the government. (Southwell, 1985, Craig, 1990). There are varying views of the political marginalisation of the Malays between politicians and historians.
Also, the right written can amend when there are two-thirds of the total number of members of legislature. Dr. Sharifah Ahmad (2014) found, “Malaysia is a federation with a strong central government at its core and 13 state governments.” Each state has their own constitution which is known as state constitutions which regulating the government of the state. The provision of the state constitutional included State Executive members, finance, the state legislative assembly and roles of the sultan or Yang Di-Pertua Negeri. If the provision is inconsistent with them, Parliament can make provision to remove any inconsistencies. Legislature as a source of law has become important because it used as a means of repealing, amending, enacting the law. Laws that are enacted by Parliament after 1946 but before 1957 is known as Ordinances. After Malaysian Independence at 1957, the law that enacted by Parliament is known as Act. And, Laws that enacted by State Legislative
Re-election of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is another stabilizing factor in the Indonesian political outlook. Being the president since 2004, Yodhoyono manifested his tremendous determination to eliminate public corruption by enforcing a countrywide anti-corruption program. Yodhoyono allowed his close relative who is the father of his daughter-in-law be sentenced to four years in jail in the corruption court boosted his credibility and paved the ground for a landslide victory. In 2009, he was elected second times by the voters to the presidency of Indonesia, allowing him to continue his work in anti-corruption campaigns and public sector reforms.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. " Women in Parliaments." Inter-Parliamentary Union. 10 April 2005. 15 April 2005. <www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm>