There are various treatments that can be used for hyperthyroidism. Generally, antithyroid medication or radioactive iodine are the ones chosen, but in some cases surgery may be needed. Physicians must evaluate the cause for the hyperthyroidism, age of the patient, level of thyroid hormones in the system, and other medical conditions before making a decision on the appropriate treatment plan (Hyperthyroidism, 2011).
Radioactive Iodine
Radioactive iodine is the treatment that provides the best opportunity for permanently curing hyperthyroidism. Many times it is chosen after a patient has tried antithryoid medication or in a situation where a patient experiences hyperthyroidism again after part of the thyroid has been removed with surgery (Radioactive Iodine for Hyperthyroidism, 2011). Generally, a patient will have normal thyroid hormone levels eight to twelve weeks after receiving the radioactive iodine. In some cases, a patient may require more than one dose. Radioactive iodine is generally recommended for patients who have Grave’s disease and are over the age of fifty or if the patient has thyroid nodules. Radioactive iodine can not be used in patients who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have thyroiditis (Radioactive Iodine for Hyperthyroidism, 2011).
The mechanism of action of radioactive iodine (I-131) is a physiological response in the system. The radioactive iodine is taken by the iodide transporter of the thyroid in the same way normal iodine would be and then processed. After the radioactive iodine is processed, the b particle destroys the follicular cell which leads to a reduction in the volume of the hormones produced. Once the volume of the hormones produced is decreased, control of the thyrotoxicosis occurs (M...
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References
Antithyroid Drugs. (2013). Retrieved from Tulane Education: http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/antithyroid_drugs
Hyperthyroidism. (2011). Retrieved from WebMD: www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hyperthyroidism-treatment-overview?print=true
Methimazole. (2013). Retrieved from Drug Bank: www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00763
Mumtaz, M., Lin, L., Hui, K., & Khir, A. (2009). Radioiodine I-131 for the therapy of grave's disease. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 25-33.
Propylthiouracil. (2013). Retrieved from Drug Bank: www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00550
Radioactive Iodine for Hyperthyroidism. (2011). Retrieved from WebMD: www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/radioactive-iodine-for-hyperthyroidism?print=true
Thyroid. (n.d.). Retrieved from Pharmacology2000.com: www.pharmacology2000com/Endocrine/Thyroid/thyroid2.htm
According to Helibron and Seidel (2011) nuclear medicine began as a simple experiment in the early twentieth century by George de Hevesy. De Hevesy started the experiment by deciding to test the effects of radiation on living things, beginning with bean plants, then onto furred animals, and then continued onto finding the effects of radiation on the human body, when he did this he became the first person to ever use radiation on a human being. He along with his partner E. Hofer, in 1931, consumed Deuterium which they had diluted with tea and found that traces of radioactivity stayed within their bodies for between eight to eighteen days. This was the first known use of radiation on humans (p. 1). This was just the beginning though, as time moved on the use of nuclear energy advanced and as it advanced it began to bleed into more subjects than those that it had been used in before, such as, nuclear medicine. Although it has its drawbacks, such as nuclear waste, there are many different benefits to nuclear medicine. Examples of such would be advances in therapy and treatment of disease...
Is consider an autoimmune disorder, because elevated enzyme (TPO) Thyroid Peroxidase which are thyroid follicle cells iodinates T4 and T3. TPO ends up attacking it self, resulting in inflammation which ends up damaging the thyroid gland. Primary hypothyroidism is also known Hashimoto disease. The primary hypothyroidism lead to Margie’s symptoms trouble concentrating, puffier face, and hot flashes. Considering all the things above, Margie will be treated with Levonthyroxine a thyroid replacement hormone. This thyroid replacement hormone will first be introduce with a low those, there after it will increase until she reaches normal T4 and TSH levels. The negative result of this medication is the increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Therefore Margie should eat high calcium diet with calcium and vitamin D
4. Chromium Picolinate Toxicity; by, Cerulli J., Grabe DW., Gauthier I., Malone M., and McGoldrick MD.. ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY. 32(4) : 428-31, 1998 April
...r. Iodine 131, another radioactive element, can dilute very quickly in the air, but if it is deposited on grass eaten by cows, the cows then re-concentrate it in their milk. Absorbed into the body's thyroid gland in a concentrated dose, Iodine 131 can cause cancer. In the Chernobyl disaster, the biggest health effect has been cases of thyroid cancer especially in children living near the nuclear plant. Therefore, because of the Chernobyl disaster we know to test the grass, soil, and milk for radiation. Also, an evacuation of the Chernobyl area was not ordered until over 24 hours after the incident. Japanese authorities evacuated 200,000 people from the area of Fukushima within hours of the initial alert. From the mistakes and magnitude of the disaster at Chernobyl, the world learned how to better deal with the long and short term effect of a Nuclear Fallout.
Thyroid cancer is an abnormal and malignant cell growth in the thyroid gland (see figure 1). The wellbeing of a person’s thyroid gland is extremely important, as this organ secretes hormones and other chemicals that help a person maintain homeostasis, more specifically the weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and internal body temperature (Bethesda, National Cancer Institute). According to the Mayo Clinic, although it is not yet clear to researchers what exactly causes thyroid cancer, what medical scientists do know is why it occurs. One type of thyroid cancer that can be genetic is medullary thyroid cancer. This type of cancer is genetic because it is linked with a variety of risk factors that could lead up to cancer, such as gender, age, radiation exposure, hereditary conditions, and family history (“What Are the Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer?”). A major specific cause of thyroid diseases and cancers is insufficient iodine intake. Thyroid cancer is less common in the United States, than places that do not include as much iodine in the diet because in the United States, iodine is often added to many foods and consumption products. An environmental factor that is associated with thyroid cancer is exposure to radiation. One major example of this is the radiation from the Chernobyl incident; many people were affected by the radiation and many people, especially children, developed thyroid cancer (“What Are the Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer?”).
In healthy an individual, the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4 through a series of steps. Iodide is carry into the thyroid follicular cell from the blood stream by symporters. The iodide is transported into the cell against it concentration gradient, using Na+ concentration gradient as an energy source. The iodide in the follicular cell is activated through oxidation by thyroperoxidase (TPO). The active iodide is passively transported into the colloid through an iodide channel on the luminal side of the follicular cell down its concentration gradient. Thyroglobulin (Tg) another precursor of thyroid hormone enters the colloid via exocytosis from the Golgi complex of the follicular cell. The Thyroglobulin (Tg) binds to iodide with the help of thyroperoxidase forming monoiodotyrosine (MIT). If another iodide is added to the tyrosine reside of Tg, di-iodotyrosine is formed (DIT...
"Estimated Exposures and Thyroid Doses Received by the American People from Iodine-131 in Fallout Following Nevada Atmospheric Nuclear Bomb Tests National Cancer Institute (NCI). 2002. June 2004.
The thyroid organ, though small, impacts every cell in the body by providing metabolism regulation (endocrine web). This butterfly-shaped, endocrine organ located at the neck, secretes hormones to control the body’s metabolism - or the way the body uses energy that help the body with energy, manage heat, and help organs such as the heart and brain function properly (thyroid.org). When not functioning properly, thyroid dysfunctions occur disrupting the three points of control: the hypothalamus in the brain, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland. Common thyroid disorders include Hashimoto’s, Graves’ disease, thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and nodules or goiters (health line).
...atment is safe because radio-iodine is able to deliver a sufficient amount of radiation to the thyroid allowing to slow the hormone production, and only deliver a small amount to the body. The radiation delivered to the body is far from harmful and is only equivalent to the amount of radiation delivered from two routine diagnostic X-Ray procedures such as a gastrointestinal series ("Educational Material"). The form of treatment has been used for 35 years and over one million patients in the United States have been assisted through the treatment of radioactive iodine ablation. Most physicians will rely on this treatment and recommend 90 percent of their over active thyroid patients to receive the radioactive iodine ("Educational Material"). The treatment, till this day, is known to continuously alleviate the majority of symptoms hyperthyroidism patients have today.
The patient should perform weight bearing exercises such as brisk walking, jogging, hiking, and aerobics. The recommended treatment for osteoporosis in women is estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). This treatment helps stop bone loss and it increases bone density. Medications classified as bisphosphonates such as alendronate (Fosamax), tiludonate, risedronate (Actonel), etidnonate (Didronel), and pamidronate may be given to patients with osteoporosis. These medications line the surface of bones and help prevent the bones from breaking down. They also slow down bone loss and may increase mineral density. Calcitonin is a type of hormone which is made by the thyroid gland, may also be given to reduce bone resorption and may slow bone
Hegedus L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedek FN. Management of Simple Nodular Goiter. Endocrine Reviews, February 2003, 24(1):102–132.
Each of these treatment options can help men with Low T achieve adequate levels of hormone replacement. Only your doctor can decide if testosterone replacement therapy is right for you.
Targeted radionuclide is among the important technological developments in the field of radiotherapy. It can be used as a solo procedure over the external radiation exposure and chemotherapy, though they can be used in combination if this assures optimal results. This procedure is highly advantageous over the conventional methods and should be considered as the choice procedure, especially in bone metastatic tumors. Among its main applications is its use in control of thyroid cancer, which shows a huge decreases in thyroid cancer rate and improve patient’s life style. Radionuclide therapy also shows its effect in pain palliative of bone metastasis. Both applications have proven to be easy to administer, safe, and effective.
This disease is the most common case of hyperthyroidism or an overactive thyroid. As mentioned before hyperthyroidism is the excessive production of thyroid hormones, “the cause of overproduction of hormones stems from the body’s immune system attacking the thyroid gland,” (Toft, 2014) which is responsible for metabolism. This disease is not seen in random cases it is hereditary meaning it is passed on from family member’s, however women are more likely to develop it then men. Some of the symptoms are fatigue, difficulty sleeping, bulging eyes and excessive sweating to name a few. Since most of the symptoms are visible, like the enlarged thyroid and the bulging eyes a routine physical exam is more than enough to diagnose a patient. Unfortunately, for the people diagnosed with this disease there is no treatment capable of hindering the thyroid gland from over producing hormones. While Graves’ disease is not treatable, some combinations of drugs can control the
This is the first reaction in the Harcourt Essen experiment. The iodine is oxidised to produce I2 wh...