Patriarchal sexual domination of women and of animals are interconnected. The illusion of freedom, namely sexual autonomy, are prevalent in both women and animals. In The Sexual Politics of Meat, Adams (2000) discussed how “animals are in chains, but we image them as free… [P]atriarchal-cultural images draw upon cues about another supposed freedom: the consumption of women’s sexuality” (Adams, 2000, p. 19). False freedoms are envisioned in patriarchal schemas though female liberation is often not conceived at all. For instance, with the concept of the absent referent in mind, bodies are exploitatively representative of their perceived use:
All flesh eaters benefit from the alienated labor of the bitches, chicks, (mad) cows, and sows whose own
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Adams (2000) and Wyckoff (2014) agree that masculinity and meat are both associated with power, and meat is paralleled to masculinity. Over history, eating meat was attributed solely to power determined by class distinctions, and this overlaps with sexism (Adams, 2000). Eating meat is historically and contemporarily considered masculine, and therefore is a first-class food. People in positions of power, including European aristocracies for instance, have primarily eaten meat (Wyckoff, 2014). Men, traditionally viewed as powerful and dominant, are therefore attributed to eating meat. Women, however, as second-class citizens in a patriarchal society, eat “second-class foods [like] vegetables, fruits, and grains” (Adams, 2000, p. 48) as related to concepts of men as hunters and women as gatherers. Eating meat, consequently, is ingrained in sexism and hypermasculinity within patriarchal cultures. In addition, heterosexism is embedded in many patriarchal societies, portraying women as meat to be consumed and as sexual objects. Bailey (2009) stated that “the man who declines to eat [her] is effectively announcing his failure as a heterosexual” (p. 44). As masculine ideals are prevalent and expected to be achieved, meat-eating is obligatory in order for men to maintain their power and superiority, often relating to their supposed heterosexuality. While concepts of masculinity rely on meat, ideas of race …show more content…
Deckha (2012) states that colonizers adopted terminology associating racial attributes with animality, using “animal terminology in descriptors of colonized peoples” (p. 539). This association of humanity and animality explicitly suggests that colonized peoples and people of colour were lesser humans or evolutionarily closer to animals. Though morality, intelligence, and emotionality are not deciding factors in order to be granted rights and welfare, these racial perceptions suggest that colonized peoples and people of colour have the morality, intelligence, and emotionality of animals. Bailey (2009) reiterates the relation between racism and animal
The perspective of the population in Western Culture has been impacted by prejudicial attitudes that are then implemented into the younger population, creating a very high emphasis on male dominance as well as a lack of power in certain aspects for women. “Pigskin, Patriarchy, and Pain” by Don Sabo exemplifies the male patriarchy to be the primary source in Western Culture for implementing pain into the lives of young males as a means of attaining power and success . Sabo takes a look into the corruption that occurs from conforming to the values of a society that praises male superiority through his background of sports and it’s teaching of dominance over men and women. Aaron H. Devor of “Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings
In Female Chauvinist Pigs, Ariel Levy attempts to reconcile her personal views of feminism with its portrayal in popular culture. In order to challenge what she sees as a co-opted version of feminism, Levy raises the question of authenticity of “sex-positive feminism” (Levy, 63) on two levels: by “selling out” in terms of the body and in terms of our patriarchal culture. In order to restore a binary relationship between feminism and non-feminism, Levy recasts this sex positive feminism as a new form of (fe)male chauvinism.
PETA released a poster featuring actress, and former model, Pamela Anderson, wearing a skimpy bikini; with her body parts marked, as they would be were she an animal (Appendix 3). The advertisement is meant to promote vegetarianism by arguing that animals and women have the same parts, but it seems as though it is only aimed towards heterosexual men. This brings about the concept of metaphorical sexual butchering, which Adams proposes as something that “silently invokes the violent act of animal slaughter while reinforcing raped women’s senses of themselves as “pieces of meat”” (Adams, 69.2). Ironically, this is not dissimilar to the image of a woman used on Adams’ cover for The Sexual Politics of Meat (Appendix 1), which actually aims to criticize the issue of women being a metaphor for
Being vegetarian opens up so many doors for people. For those who do not know what a vegetarian is or are confused on what they do or eat let me inform you that being a vegetarian simply means that you go off of plant-based diets. Although there are several kinds of vegetarian diets, it is all based on what type of food you are consuming. For example, a strict vegetarians or vegans avoid all foods of animal origin, including meat, poultry, fish, diary products, and eggs. Many people become a vegetarian for different reason according to the Calorie King he states, “being vegetarian means different things to different people, and people follow a vegetarian diet for different reason including health, religion, and ethical beliefs.”(Deusen p.1)
Michael Pollan makes arguments concerning the eating habits of the average American. Pollan suggests, in spite of our cultural norms, we should simply “Eat food. Not too much. Mostly Plants.”
...The most profound conclusion on the concept of race is the argument that the term is not a biologically innate fixture. Despite the discredited nature of the concept of ‘race’, the idea stills “exerts a powerful influence in everyday language and ideology”. (Jary & Jary, 2000: pp503-4) This disputes the assumption that racial divisions reflect fundamental genetic differences.
The sexualization of women in the 21st century has led many to wonder whether or not the feminist movement actually resulted in more harm than good. Although the progress and reform that came out of the feminist movement is indisputable, things such as equal rights under the law, equal status and equal pay, the reality is that the subjugation of female roles in society still exist, and the most surprising part about this is that now women are just as much as at fault for this as men are. Ariel Levy defines female chauvinist pigs as “women who make sex objects of other women and of ourselves” (Levy 11). This raunch culture is mistakenly assumed to be empowering and even liberating to women when it is in fact degrading and corrupting to the modern feminist movement and makes it more difficult for women to be taken seriously in society. The shift in the nature of the feminist movement is in Levy’s opinion attributed to by the massive industry now profiting off of the sexualization of women, the reverse mindset now adopted by post-feminists and women in power roles in our society, and ultimately the women who further their own objectification as sex objects and thus, so by association, deem themselves lesser than man.
Over time, the image of men has changed. This is due mostly to the relaxation of rigid stereotypical roles of the two genders. In different pieces of literature, however, men have been presented as the traditional dominate figure, the provider and rule maker or non-traditional figure that is almost useless and unimportant unless needed for sexual intercourse. This dramatic difference can either perpetuate the already existing stereotype or challenge it. Regardless of the differences, both seem to put men into a negative connotation.
The term vegan, devised in 1944 via Donald Watson, is referred to as an individual that follows veganism, which is the exclusion of all animal products to be consumed, predominantly in their diet (Kahn, 2011). Veganism is primarily supported due to preventing animal cruelty, as well as its health benefits and environmental consequences (Craig, 2009). Adolescence is referred to as the transition from childhood to adulthood, due to biological changes that occur via the onset of puberty (Ellis, 2004). Essential nutrients that are vital to be consumed during adolescence are proteins, which are in the category of macronutrients as they are required in large amounts, as well as calcium and iron, which are categorised as micronutrients, thus being required in smaller amounts (Bialostosky, Wright, Kennedy-Stephenson, McDowell & Johnson, 2002). Protein, calcium and iron are claimed to be essential nutrients in an adolescent female following a vegan diet as they are at higher risk to be lacked via plant-based sources if the consumption of these nutrients are inadequate, which may implicate negative effects on the growth and development during the pubertal growth spurt (Craig, 2009; Ilich-Ernst et al., 1998). This essay will be regarding to a 14 year old female named Jenny Brown, whom is currently following a vegan diet and is not consuming any supplementation in order to obtain adequate nutrition. As Jenny Brown is at the age of adolescence, this essay will discuss the biological changes that occur during puberty, followed on by a discussion on each of the vital nutrients including the macronutrient protein, as well as the micronutrients calcium and iron that are essential to be adequately consumed in order to attain nutritional competence ...
Nutritionism and Today’s Diet Nutritionism is the ideology that the nutritional value of a food is the sum of all its individual nutrients, vitamins, and other components. In the book, “In Defense of Food” by Michael Pollan, he critiques scientists and government recommendations about their nutritional advice. Pollan presents a strong case pointing out the many flaws and problems that have risen over the years of following scientific studies and government related warnings on the proper amount of nutrients needed for a healthy diet. Pollan’s main point is introducing science into our food system has had more of a negative impact than a positive one, we should go back to eating more of a traditional diet. I believe food science has given us
This is particularly palpable in the phenomenon of gender roles. “Oversimplified conceptions pertaining to our behavior as females or males,” gender roles boil down our gender and anatomical performance into categories of “boy” or “girl” (Basow 3). Patriarchy then builds systemic inequality off this simplistic binary foundation, attaching “male” to spheres of power and “female” to spheres of powerlessness. Gender roles are one of many patriarchal infrastructures that thrive off a concrete definition of gender and/or sex, and so modern feminism has found power in dismantling both constructions.
Many people don’t believe think anything of what they eat or how it got there. But the harsh truth is the meat that you eat was once a living, breathing creature that had feeling and emotions. Maybe next time you order a steak or chicken nuggets you should think about the animals that went through extreme pain and conditions for you to eat. Not only is it inhumane to put animals through such pain, not eating meat and having a vegetarian lifestyle can have huge benefits to animals, the environment, and your health.
Humans weren’t always patriarchal in nature. In prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies, human societies were relatively egalitarian. Male and females held equal status and power in society. Patriarchal society developed much later, and is thought to have been developed in a series of events during humans’ ...
Numerous people believe that a vegetarian diet is unhealthy for the reason that one is not consuming enough protein since there is a decrease in the consumption of meat. However, meat is not the only source of protein. Nuts and grains contain great amounts of protein, and by eating these in the place of meat, one not only gets protein, but avoids the harmful carbohydrates and fats that are in animal meats. Consuming supplements can also help gain nutrients if the diet is not providing enough. There are countless amounts of nutritional supplements that one can purchase, including fish oil and omega 3s. These can be fairly cheap if purchased at the right place, and easily give bodies the nutrients they crave to function.
Every person has the ability to make their own choice of whether to eat meat or not. However, eating meat is directly tied to negative health effects, pollution leading to a depletion of ozone, and the depletion of hundreds of thousands of acres of land “wasted” on animal production when they could be used to solve the hunger crisis or lower emission levels. What humans eat is no longer a matter of choice; it has become a matter of life and death. Literally, the future of the whole planet rests on the decision of whether or not to eat meat. If humans chose to eat less meat the world that wouldn’t have to suffer the consequences (outlined above.) Vegetarianism is one possibility, as is Veganism; however the world would be