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Recommended: Herpes virus
The Human Herpesvirus 1 is a member of the Herpesviridae family and belongs to the genus virus. The origin of the word “herpes” comes from the Greek meaning “to creep”. This is such a fitting description for a virus that causes sores which creep and spread across the skin of an infected individual. Cases of sores caused by the Herpes virus have been recorded as far back as 400 BC. Included with the common cold virus and influenza, the Herpes virus is a prominent origin of human viral disease. The Herpes virus is efficient at causing apparent disease symptoms, or it can be a master of camouflage and remain dormant for years, only to be revived and manifest its painful symptoms. A person infected with this virus can expect its expressions over their lifetime. Over 95% of the adult population is infected with some form of the human herpes virus.(1)
The Herpes virus is anywhere between 125 nm and 200 nm in diameter with an icosahedral capsid encased in an envelope. Unlike the typical plasma membrane which is the origin of many viruses, the Herpes virus has an organelle membrane. The surface of the envelope is scattered with distinct spikes. Beneath the envelope are rows of proteins called tegument, which fill the space between the capsid and the envelope. This encompasses the viral-encoded proteins and enzymes linked to the start of replication. The virus’ capsomere forms the shape of an “O” with a diameter of 100 nm to 200 nm. The genome of the virus’ double-stranded DNA that is linear with about 125 to 290 kilobase pairs and can encode anywhere between 170 and 200 proteins. (2)
Upon infection, the Herpes virus will bond to either neurons or epithelial cells. When determining a cell-host to bind to, the spikes on the ...
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...tments are being used to relieve some of the painful symptoms associated with the virus. Certain medications are decreasing the overall number of outbreaks as well as helping to shorten the time it takes to heal and to minimize the pain caused by an outbreak.
Works Cited
1. L. Bilder, R. Elimelech, M. Szwarcwort-Cohen, Z. Kra-Oz, E. Machtei, The prevalence of human herpes viruses in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients compared to oral health providers and healthy controls. Arch. Virol. 158, 1221-1226 (2013).
2. J. L. Huff, P. A. Barry, B-Virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) Infection in Humans and Macaques: Potential for Zoonotic Disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 9, 246 (2003).
3. O. Akhova, M. Bainbridge, V. Misra, The Neuronal Host Cell Factor-Binding Protein Zhangfei Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Replication. J. Virol. 79, 14708-14718 (2005).
This extremely pathogenic zoonotic virus is now understood to travel from bat species, to equine intermediate hosts, to humans.[8, 10] The Hendra virus is listed as a Bio-Safety Level (BSL)-4, and can only be studied at a few adequately equipped laboratories worldwide due to its virulence.[1, 2] Case fatality rates
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a monkey virus that was introduced into the human population by contaminated poliovaccines. The vaccines were produced in SV40 infected monkey cells between 1955 and 1963. The site of latent infection in humans is not known but the presence of SV40 in urine suggests the kidney as a possible site of latency. SV40 is a small DNA virus that is studied extensively because it is able to transform and immortalize multiple cell types (Ozer 2000, Saenz-Robles et al. 2001).
and ears, and in the mouth and pharynx. The causative virus has been shown to be
The Herpes virus is actually from a family of viruses that include 8 different virus strains that affect humans. The viruses are known through numbers 1 through 8 or HHV1-HHV8. HHV 1 and 2 are listed above while HHV 3, known as varicella zoster virus, and that causes chickenpox. HHV 3 can also cause a recurring skin infection known as herpes zoster or shingles. HHV 4 is known as the Epstein Barr virus, and is responsible for the easily spread mononucleosis, commonly referred to as “mono”. HHV 5 is known as...
Almost no one on Earth has any immunity at all to this virus, which makes ordinary vaccines useless against it. The sudden spread of the virus into Europe foreshadows an epidemic development that could be worldwide. Ultimately, there is no way to protect ourselves against epidemics. They will keep disappearing and coming back in new forms.
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
According to this experiment, it is clear that C. perfringens has specificity toward CNS epithelial cells and white matter. It is further studied that EXT binds to retinal vessels and myelin in the cranium.
Prunella Vulgaris is flavinoid rich, an anti-inflammatory, high in tannins, and used in many existing herpes treatments. Tea Tree Oil is also an anti-viral, though it has no effect on the herpes virus after it has penetrated the cell and can be irritating to mucous membranes. St. John’s Wort is a very old traditional treatment studied since the early 90’s with no definitive effect on the herpes virus. St John’s Wort also interacts with numerous drugs, including oral contraceptives, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and triptans (migrane medications). Aloe Vera has anti-viral qualities and helps soothe and speed healing of existing lesions. Geranium Maculatum was an addition to the ingredients that puzzled us, as this is an herbal remedy that was used in the 1800’s primarily to treat diarrhea, and has no known effect or benefit to treat herpes. Geranium Maculatum is also high in
“This knowledge will help us design drugs that mimic the viral effects on these proteins to either activate a host’s immune response or shut it down,” said Dr. Michael Gale, associate ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) leads to the life threatening Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV only lives in the blood and other bodily fluids. Concentrations of HIV are small in vomit, sweat, tears, and saliva and cannot be transmitted by those fluids. The main transmission is through fluids like semen, vaginal fluids, and rectal mucous during sexual contact, breast milk and amniotic fluid passing to children, and blood during transfusions and exposure. Beginning stages of HIV start with the acute infection. During the first 2 weeks to a month after exposure to the HIV infection, most infected individuals with display symptoms of a severe flu. The symptoms include fever, swollen glands, sore throat, rash, muscle and joint aches and pains, fatigue, and headache. The early period of infection is known as the “acute retroviral syndrome” (Stages, 2013). Once the virus is out of the acute stage it enters into the latency stage where it continues to replicate but no symptoms are shown. As the infection progresses and the immune system beco...
Over time as individuals age and are faced with access to care issues they may begin to neglect their oral health. As time passes between dental hygiene cleanings or dentist visits the presence of oral disease may begin to increase.
Due to their direct contact with patients, personnel of health care teams are exposed to a higher risk of contracting diseases. Specifically, this risk becomes more potential for dental professional teams if we know that most of the human microbial pathogens are isolated from oral secretions. They can cause serious diseases that might transmit from patients to the personnel, and vice versa (Bednarsh & Molinri, 2010). In 1970 and the early 1980s, result showed the tendency among dental professionals to have more certain infectious diseases than the general public due to their exposure to blood and saliva of their patients (Bednarsh & Molinri, 2010). Disease, such as hepatiti...
Dental professionals should promote a message that a strong biologic connection exists between oral and systemic health. Therefore, having a good understanding of oral health and systemic health is beneficial and can help you protect yourself. Streptococcus mutants, the bacteria found in periodontal infection are also the bacteria found in many of the cardiovascular diseases. This establishes a strong relationship between these two conditions.
Richman, Laura K., Richard J. Montali, Richard L. Garber, Melissa A. Kennedy, John Lehnhardt, Thomas Hildebrandt, Dennis Schmitt, Douglas Hardy, Donald J. Alcendor, and Gary S. Hayward. "Novel Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses Fatal for Asian and African Elephants." Science 19 Feb. 1999: 1171-176. Print.
The DENV envelope protein E, which is found on the virus surface, has a role as a mediating factor in the initial attachment of the virus to the host cell. Further, several cellular proteins and carbohydrate molecules that act as attachment factors interacting with the viral envelope protein E have been identified. These factors allow the virus population to concentrate on the cell surface thus increasing their chance of access to their target cellular receptor(s). Some of these known molecules that interact with the vi...