An overview of the chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease:
Multiple sclerosis
BACKGROUND
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises grey matter, which contains neuron cell bodies and white matter, which contains the nerve axons. Most of the nerve axons are concentrically wrapped around by lipid-rich biological membrane, known as the myelin sheath. In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocyte. a type of glial cell. (Pfeiffer et al., 1993). These electrical insulating, multilamellar membranes significantly increase the electrical resistance, in which to prevent leakage of electrical currents from the axons, as well as decrease electrical capacitance to reduce the ability of the axons to store electrical energy (Shivane & Chakrabarty, 2007). Therefore, myelin sheath enables the fast-speed saltatory conduction of the nerve impulses. Demyelination is a group of diseases that characterized by the destruction of the normal myelin sheath, with relative preservation of the axons. Myelin sheath degeneration might be resulted from the disease that directly damage the myelin sheath, or the disease that damage the oligodendrocytes (Love, 2006). Eventually, demyelination leads to the impairment of the normal conduction of the electrical impulses in the affected nerves.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease in the CNS. It is a chronic neurological disease that normally affects young people and it is one of the leading causes of disability. The pathological hallmark of this chronic disease is the formation of demyelinated plaques with the reactive glial scar tissue, which either focally or diffusely distributed throughout the brain and the spinal cord (Lucchinetti et al...
... middle of paper ...
...ns induced by effector CD8 T cells recognizing a sequestered antigen on oligodendrocytes. The Journal of Immunology, 181(3), 1617-1621.
Saxena, A., Martin-Blondel, G., Mars, L. T., & Liblau, R. S. (2011). Role of CD8 T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. FEBS letters, 585(23), 3758-3763.
Shivane, A. G., & Chakrabarty, A. (2007). Multiple sclerosis and demyelination. Current Diagnostic Pathology, 13(3), 193-202.
Simpson, S., Blizzard, L., Otahal, P., Van der Mei, I., & Taylor, B. (2011). Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 82(10), 1132-1141.
Thompson, A. J., Polman, C. H., Miller, D. H., McDonald, W. I., Brochet, B., Montalban, X. F. M., & De Sa, J. (1997). Primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain, 120(6), 1085-1096.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease affecting the myelination of the central nervous system, leading to numerous issues regarding muscle strength, coordination, balance, sensation, vision, and even some cognitive defects. Unfortunately, the etiology of MS is not known, however, it is generally thought of and accepted as being an autoimmune disorder inside of the central nervous system (Rietberg, et al. 2004). According to a study (Noonan, et al. 2010) on the prevalence of MS, the disease affects more than 1 million people across the world, and approximately 85% of those that are affected will suffer from unpredictably occurring sessions of exacerbations and remissions. The report (Noonan, et al. 2010) found that the prevalence of MS was much higher in women than in men, and that it was also higher in non-Hispanic whites than in other racial or ethnic groups throughout the 3 regions of the United States that were studied.
Canavan disease is an inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the nerve cells in the brain. It is in the group of rare genetic disorders called Leukodystrophies. Leukodystrophies are characterized by the degeneration of myelin, which is the fatty covering that insulates nerve fibers. The myelin is necessary for rapid electrical signals between the neurons. I chose this disease because I had never heard of it and it seems to only affect a very small amount of people. Also it isn’t very common so I wanted to learn more about it, which helped when looking for information
Neurodegeneration is used mainly for diseases that are characterised by progressive loss of structure and function of neurons. There are many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that...
Around the world, many people are living with neurologically debilitating disorders like multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is best described as a pathological “inflammatory-mediated demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system,” and affects more than 2.5 million people globally (Trapp & Nave, 2008).
“Cells Involved In Immune Responses and Antigen Recognition.” Microbiology and Immunology. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
According to National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, often disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that disrupts the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body. The central nervous system (CNS) comprises of the brain and the spinal cord. CNS is coated and protected by myelin sheath that is made of fatty tissues (Slomski, 2005). The inflammation and damage of the myelin sheath causing it to form a scar (sclerosis). This results in a number of physical and mental symptoms, including weakness, loss of coordination, and loss of speech and vision. The way the disease affect people is always different; some people experience only a single attack and recover quickly, while others condition degenerate over time (Wexler, 2013). Hence, the diagnosis of MS is mostly done by eliminating the symptoms of other diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects both men and women, but generally, it is more common in women more than men. The disease is most usually diagnosed between ages 20 and 40, however, it can occur at any age. Someone with a family history of the disease is more likely to suffer from it. Although MS is not
Research Updates. University of Rochester Medical Center. November 10, 2008. National Institutes of Health. February 6, 2009. < http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/neurology/nih-registry/research/index.cfm>.
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, directed against the myelin sheath. Leading to demyelination and axonal loss. It’s characterized by spread “plaques” of demielinization typically found in typically found on MRI in the periventricular region, corpus callosum, centrum semiovale and, to a lesser extent, deep white – structures and basal ganglia.(Olek, 2005)
Walton, Sir John. Brain’s Diseases of the Nervous System. 9th ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford: 1985.
Multiple Sclerosis has been categorized into four different subtypes according to the distinct neuropathological changes accompanying the disease (Antony, DesLauriers, Bhat, Ellestad & Power, 2011).
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that involves the different areas of the central nervous system, the brain, and spinal cord. It damages the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects the
Multiple Sclerosis is a nervous system disease that affects the spinal cord and the brain by damaging the myelin sheaths that protects nerve cells. Destroyed myelin prevents messages from communicating and sending properly from the brain, through the spinal cord, to internal body parts. In the United States, more than 350,000 people are diagnosed with this disease. Anyone can get this disease, but it is more common among Caucasian women. MS symptoms begin between the ages 20-40 and are caused by nerve lesions being present in multiple areas of the Central Nervous System, symptoms differ on the lesion’s location.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, also known as CTE, is a neurodegenerative disease where an excess amount of tau, an abnormal protein, builds up inside of the brain. According to “A critical review of chronic traumatic encephalopathy”, the disease also creates “multiple blockages of the axonal transport to the brain cells, along with white spaces in the brain on a MRI scan.”, as
The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that surrounds the axons of the nerves and provides protection. It allows messages to be sent rapidly and accurately to the axons from long distances (Serono, 2010). The axons are the part of the nervous system that allows electrical transmission of signals throughout the brain and spinal cord. Without these electrical transmissions, the body would not be able to function properly (Serono, 2010).
Myelination, aka axon insulation, increases action potential conduction up to 150m/s compared to 0.5-10m/s conduction velocities of unmyelnated axons!