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Give 5 importance of water in our body
Biological role of water
Biological role of water
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Water is a charged or polar molecule (H+ - O- - H+) that is always
moving across cell membranes. Scientists theorize that this is
possible because it is such a small molecule or because there are
special gap or pores that allow water movement through the cell
membrane. The predominant direction of water flow is determined by the
concentration of the solutes (non-water molecules) inside and outside
of the cell. Water molecules will show a new movement from an area of
higher water concentration (& lower in solutes) to an area of lower
water concentration (& higher in solutes). In other words the net
water flow tends to dilute an area of higher solute concentration.
When water moves by diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane it is
called osmosis. This is a type of passive transport because no
cellular energy (ATP) is involved in the movement of water.
For convenience we will use tonicity & osmolarity as interchangeable
terms. In fact, there are exceptions when these terms do not have
identical meaning.
An extracellular solution is isotonic ["iso" = same, tonicity = tone
or tension] or iso-osmotic to a cell if the cell has no net gain or
loss of water. This is a dynamic equilibrium. The cell & the
extracellular solution have the same concentration of water & the same
concentration of solutes. Our extracellular fluids need to stay
isotonic in order for cells to survive. If cells are place in a
solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes than the
cell, cells suffer a net loss of water and appear crenated ["cren" =
notched] or wrinkled. These cells are in a hypertonic or hyperosmotic
solution. Cells in a highly hypertonic solution may die. A solution
that has a lower solute concentration than is present in cells is said
to be a hypotonic or hypo-osmotic solution. In this case, excess water
flows into the cells and the cells swell. These cells may eventually
rupture or burst open. This process is called lysis.
Although we simplify osmolarity problems by using the % of a solute to
That familiar fizzing you hear when you drop an Alka Seltzer tablet into a glass of water is the result of a chemical reaction, and chemical reactions are extremely prevalent when it comes to what living things do to carry out life processes. In addition, environmental conditions can alter the results of chemical reactions, and in this lab, we will be answering the
When in solution, the hydronium and chloride ions formed will be partially surrounded by water molecules via ion-dipole bonds, an electrostatic force of attraction that exists between charges in the ions and the partial charges in the water molecules. Water molecules surrounding ions is called hydration.
Luminol is a white, sometimes pale yellow, crystalline solid that can create a chemiluminescence when mixed with certain oxidizing agents. In order to create luminol, there needs to be a diamindation of 3-Nitrophthalic Acid by Hydrazine, which produces 3-Nitrophthalihydrazine and is then reduced with Sodium Dithionite. The product on its own is not soluble in water but is soluble in most organic solvents. Other than emitting a blue light, luminol is also used in forensic studies. A forensic investigator can use luminol to detect traces of blood by spraying it on an area since it traces an activation oxidant in order to make it emit light. In order to create effective results, investigators must spray even amounts of the solution. The intensity
perform a lot of procedures in order to obtain an anhydrous alum at the end. What we first wanted to obtain was a hydrated alum crystal. To achieve this, we broken down aluminum foil into pieces and let it reacts with 25mL of 3M KOH. Next, we filtered it to get rid of any undissolved particles. Furthermore, we heated the solution and let it rest until crystals were formed, and then cooled it once again to get the hydrated alum crystals. Then, we washed/filtered the crystals by wetting them with a non-soluble solution and let the crystals dry. After that, we took 2g of the alum crystals and burned them on a crucible, taking its mass beforehand. Lastly, we heated the solution for five more minutes and let it cool to room temperature.
Osmosis is the movement of water, through a cell membrane, from higher to lower concentrations. A solution can be hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic when compared to a cell. Hypertonic solutions occur when the solution is more concentrated compared to a cell and the water moves out of the cell and into the solution. Hypotonic solutions occur when the solution is less concentrated compared to a cell and the water moves into the cell and out of the solution. The last type of solution, isotonic, occurs when the solution has the same concentration as the cell.
The direction of osmosis depends on the relative concentration of the solutes on the two sides. In osmosis, water can travel in three different ways. If the molecules outside the cell are lower than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into the cell until equilibrium is established. If the molecules outside the cell are higher than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypertonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses out of the cell until equilibrium exists. If the molecules outside and inside the cell are equal, the solution is said to be isotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into and out of the cell at equal rates, causing no net movement of water. In osmosis the cell is selectively permeable, meaning that it only allows certain substances to be transferred into and out of the cell. In osmosis, the proteins only on the surface are called peripheral proteins, which form carbohydrate chains whose purpose is used like antennae for communication. Embedded in the peripheral proteins are integral
On a cellular level, Mrs. Jones’ cells are dehydrated due to osmotic pressure changes related to her high blood glucose. Cells dehydrate when poor cellular diffusion of glucose causes increased concentrations of glucose outside of the cell and lesser concentrations inside of the cell. Diffusion refers to the movement of particles from one gradient to another. In simple diffusion there is a stabilization of unequal of particles on either side of a permeable membrane through which the particles move freely to equalize the particles on both sides. The more complex facilitated diffusion is a passive transport of large particles from a high concentration of particles to a lower concentration of particles with the aid of a transport protein (Porth, 2011). The cellular membranes in our bodies are semipermeable allowing for smaller molecules to flow freely from the intracellular to extracellular space. The glucose molecule, however; is too large to diffuse through the cellul...
For the first trial, 2 dry evaporating dishes were weighed on the balance, and their masses were recorded. The first dish was 71.74 grams by mass, while the second dish was 52.03 grams by mass. We added 2 grams of unknown mixture to the first evaporating dish, and we weighted it on the balance and recorded its mass. The mass of this dish was 74.74g. Then, the first evaporating dish was put on the clay triangle using crucible tongs on the Bunsen burner in the hood area. The mixture was heated, and there was a gas that was produced which was NH4CL. After the NH4CL was removed, we took the evaporating dish using tongs and it was left to allow it to cool. After the dish was cooled down, the dish was placed on the balance and weighted again after heating (McHugh 46).
The propensity of these hydrophobic tails to self-associate to exclude interactions with water, via the energy provided by Van der Waals forces and preferential hydrogen bonding between hydrophobic tails, and the propensity of the hydrophilic heads to interact with the aqueous environment are the basis for the thermodynamic stability and self-assembly of the bilayers of biological membranes. However, many of these bilayers are asymmetrical in nature, with the inner leaflet having fewer amphipathic molecules or a different lipid composition than the outer leaflet, attributing the circular curvature of most biological membranes. For the lipid component of these membranes, phospholipids, with varying head groups such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, are the primary component of these bilayers, with sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelin, and sterols, such as cholesterol, typically found in lesser concentrations, but both still play an integral role in biological membranes (Nicolson, 2014). Small gaseous molecules, like O2, hydrophobic molecules, like benzene, and small polar but uncharged molecules, like ethanol, are essentially able to dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer and thus cross the diffuse across the cell
If a cell that is hypotonic is placed into a solution that is hypertonic water will begin to flow into the cell through osmosis. Once the ratio of water to solute is equal on both sides of the membrane, an isotonic solution has been created. In this type of situation there is no net gain or loss of water, water is naturally moving in and out of the cell without changing the continents on either side of the membrane. This easy flow of water allows a cell to obtain equilibrium within the solution without the use of energy.
Most cell membranes are like that, being permeable to water and some solutes only. Osmosis is therefore the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. The basic principles of diffusion apply here.
In our Biology Lab we did a laboratory experiment on fermentation, alcohol fermentation to be exact. Alcohol fermentation is a type of fermentation that produces the alcohol ethanol and CO2. In the experiment we estimated the rate of alcohol fermentation by measuring the rate of CO2 production. Both glycolysis and fermentation consist of a series of chemical reactions, each of which is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Two of the tables substituted some of the solution glucose for two different types of solutions. They are as followed, Table #5 substituted glucose for sucrose and Table #6 substituted the glucose for pH4. The equation for alcohol fermentation consists of 6 Carbons 12 Hydrogens 6 Oxygen to produce 2 pyruvates plus 2 ATP then finally the final reaction will be 2 CO2 plus Ethanol. In the class our controlled numbers were at Table #1; their table had 15 mL Glucose, 10 mL RO water, and 10 mL of yeast which then they placed in an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius. We each then measured our own table’s fermentation flasks every 15 mins for an hour to compare to Table #1’s controlled numbers. At
Water has a great number of roles in living organisms, this is largely to do with the structure and covalent bonding in a single water molecule, and between water molecules. Around 75% of the earth is covered in water, and it is reffered to as the most important Biochemical. Its chemical symbol is: H2O In a water molecule there are two bonding pairs and two non-bonding pairs of electrons. These four pairs of electrons repel one another, forming a tetrahedral pattern.
Each water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom (or the apex of the water molecule) bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one. Because opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a neighboring molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed. In an ice crystal the hydrogen bonds to give the shape of the crystal so that the grid of molecules surrounds relatively to large spaces. In a liquid form, water has no such spaces; so ice is less dense and will float on liquid water. If not for this, great bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up without the insulation of a top layer of ice and all life in the water would die.