The Kalmar Union 1397 – 1523
During that time, the kingdoms Denmark, Norway and Sweden were joined under one rule. They had a common monarch who was queen Margaret I. of Denmark. She was also the founder of the Kalmar Union and the capital was Copenhagen. The more official marking of this unification happened in the Swedish city of Kalmar. The coronation of Eric of Pomerania took place and he was made to rule over all three countries in 1397. ‘The realm had a size of 3,000,000 sq. kilometers in 1397.’
Legally the countries remained separate sovereign states. However they had domestic and foreign policies which were directed by the same common monarch. Afterwards there were different interests, like for instance the Swedish nobleness’ dissatisfaction with the very dominant role of Denmark and Holstein, which were reasons for a conflict. This problem could weight the union down. From the 1430s on, there were issues in intervals which turned out as very hard to resolve. In 1523 then, Gustav Vasa became king of Sweden and the Kalmar Union fell apart. That was also when the Danish king lost control over the Swedish kingdom. As a following, it was only the personal union Denmark-Norway survived until 1814.
The Kalmar Union was created
Since 1375 queen Margaret I. of Denmark fought to gain power in Denmark. At the back of her head she maybe had the idea of also the idea of reigning over the two other kingdoms, namely Sweden and Norway. It was a hard competition with reversals but in the end, she succeeded. The crown of Denmark was hers. In the period of 1375-1385 she also claimed the true power in the country for her son Oluf. When Margaret’s husband Haakon VI of Norway died in 1380, her son Oluf ascended the throne. After Oluf pass...
... middle of paper ...
...hough, with the signing of lists encouraging a dissolution of the union, 244,765 women showed that they also concerned themselves with the issue.
Negotiations are conducted in Karlstad, Sweden
On 31st August the same year, negotiation related to Norway’s official egression from the union were effected. Moreover the relations were very taut. Troops were committed to the two sides of the boundary as a precaution. The war clouds were gathering. Fortunately, the negotiations between both kingdoms came to a pacific termination on 23rd September. The king Oscar II formally acclaimed Norway as being an autonomous country and hence, he resigned from the Norwegian throne on 26th October 1905. As well as this, he did not show any interest in becoming a prince of Sweden as Norwegian king. Hereby, the Swedish-Norwegian union was disestablished without a single shot being fired.
Born March 23, 1430, Margaret of Anjou (Margaret d'Anjou in French)at Pont-à-Mousson, France to Rene of Anjou and Isabella, Duchess of Loreine. Margaret had been born into a great noble family, not only was she the daughter of a duke and niece of King Charles VII of France, she was also a descent of two queens of England: Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror and Eleanor of Aquitaine, wife of Henry II. Yet while Margaret grew up in a cultured court setting, the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), a conflict over the French throne between main belligerents of France and England was raging. The constant threat of danger would have a greater affect on a young Margaret more than anyone could have imagined.
Upon first encountering one another, the vikings and the natives of Scotland often experienced violent confrontation. However, through the passage of time they contributed in shaping each other in equal and sometimes opposite measure. There are several hypotheses that describe the details of the first viking-indigenous interactions.1 Out of the many propositions, two theories appear most often. The first asserts that the vikings set up an earldom and thenceforth ruled over the native Scottish population. Sometimes this earldom is portrayed as peaceful, at other times more violent. The second proposition asserts that a genocide took place in which the vikings eliminated and replaced the native people.2 The evidence for either model is contradictory and variably justifiable. The best explanation therefore is a syntheses of both hypotheses. Namely, that both earldom and genocide took place in different circumstances. Bands of viking ships were often federations, and as such individual rulers within the federation must have had some measure of latitude. In some areas viking captains completely exterminated the indigenous people they found. In other instances, the leaders simply subjugated the people they encountered. In areas where the local population were left alive they influenced the Scandinavian settlers in terms of religion and material culture to different degrees. Conversely, the viking presence in Scotland forced the native inhabitants to become more militant and politically united.3 Furthermore, the natives eventually adopted parts of Scandinavian language, material culture, and custom as well.
In the late fifteenth century, rulers started to solidify their nations by creating a more nationalistic view in each kingdom’s inhabitance. Through political and economic stability people were ruled by a more centralized government and felt more national pride. Unlike in the past when lands were constantly changing rulers and mercenary soldiers fought for the highest bidder. Monarch’s such as Louis XI of France, Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain and Henry VII of England helped to unite their kingdom’s and contribute to the phrase “new monarchies”.
The Johansen showed patriotism to their nation throughout the book. Many of the Johansens had declared that they would even take a bullet for their king, King Christian X. In Number the Stars, Papa tells Annemarie how Danish citizens love their precious and cherished king. He states “Any Danish citizen would die for King Christian, to protect him.” (p.14) Annemarie questioned her parents if they would do the same and they agreed. This shows the Danish people care about their king and will protect him from any danger.
king of Denmark and he will do anything to stay that way. His wife Gertrude
Political structure at that time led to Bismarck's success in war. With the untimely death of the Danish King, Christian VII, both Schleswig and Holstein refused to recognize the dynastic succession of the Danish King Frederick VII and appealed to the Frankfurt Assembly for recognition of Schleswig-Holstein as an independent German state, free from the Danish crown (doc2). With the declaration of an all-German war on the Kingdom of Denmark by the Frankfurt Assembly, Prussia immediately prepared a small military force to fight for the independence of Schleswig and Holstein (docs3,4). Prussia's aid proved victorious with the Danish defenses easily besieged (doc5). The English heard about the success of Prussia and of their preparations for an invasion of Jutland.
The formation of the Zollvein Union was one of the very first real steps that individualize Prussia from the other German states. Prussia increased their economic leadership, especially as she had successfully excluded Austria from the Zolleverin, but although Austria still retained political leadership in Germany. This relationship greatly separated Austria and Prussia.
Although, Gustav III was initially admired by his people for staging a coup d’etat, his later actions caused him to become unpopular with the citizens and with global leaders. Gustav III of Sweden had a big act to follow after all the successful leaders that came before him but he contributed to the waning of the Vasa Dynasty by not being a good leader due to his inability to empathize with the citizens of his country. He lacks the ability to show concern for Sweden and is blinded by his self-interests. The article suggests that Gustav turned a blind eye when advisors or troops addressed complaints to him. He also made a habit of going behind the backs of his ministers. He easily faced down his opponents but was never able to gain respect because
The Danes seem to have disputes with everyone, some ending with them basking in glory and others ending, well, with not so much glory involved. In the Hall of Frisia the King, Finn, was attacked by the Danes. In this battle the Danes leader was killed, as well as Finn’s only heir. The Danes, leaderless, were then lead by Hengest who forced a treaty with the and Finn, so they were taken under the care of Finn. “Finn, son of Focwald, should honor the Danes, bestow with an even hand to Hengest and Hengest’s men the wrought-gold rings (1089-1092)”. The Danes were maddened by this and began to be resentful towards the Frisians and at the coming of Spring they renewed the fight and killed Finn, and robbed him thoroughly. “Thus blood was spilled, the gallant Finn slain in his home…..Finn was cut down, the queen bought away and everything the Shieldings could find (1146-47; 1152-1154). Finn tried to make peace, but the desire to avenge their leaders murderer was greater, They also looted his stronghold and took back his wife. Considering his wife was a Dane, they must have also had a desire to avenge something else when the Dani...
The power structure of Norway is probably one of the few areas that are quite different from that of most other free countries. Norway is a constitutional monarchy. The king has limited authority, except as head of the military and as a symbol of continuity and stability. Executive power is vested in the prime minister, who presides over the dominant party in the country’s parliament (Storting). The 165 members of parliament are elected every four years. The Storting has an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower Chamber (Odelsting). The Labor, Center, and Conservative parties are the largest in parliament, but no party has a majority. Another similar note is that all citizens may vote at age 18. Norway also has 19 provinces (fylker). Norway enjoys a strong economy, and has one of the highest standards of living in the world.
Yes, Norway was rude and terrible to him most of the time, every nice thing complemented with an insult, but; he did truly care about Denmark. They were closer than any of the other Nordics, they were together most of the time and they told each other everything. So why didn’t Denmark tell him this?
In the middle of the 19th century when Norway, needed to have a new written language of it’s own, after being under Danish rule. The process of getting this new Norwegian written language, was not straightforward, as not one way of doing was agreed on. There were two rivaling ways of getting the new Norwegian written language. One was to adopt a newly created language based upon the older dialects, that reassembled old norse the most. This approach was founded by Ivar Aasen. The other approach was to use the dano-norwegian that a lot of people already used, and standardize it a gradually changing the danish words into Norwegian. This idea was founded by Knud knudsen, and is what lead to bokmål. These two different approaches battled in what later was known as the language conflict of Norway.
There was then a revolution in Spain in 1868 and a vacancy for the position of monarch. Bismarck, hoping to gain influence in Spain, suggested that a Prussian prince ...
The Swedish Vikings were the Vikings that were the most powerful11. The Swedish Vikings were also the best traders out of all the other types of Vikings and were the Vikings that might have reached North America11. The Danish Vikings were the Vikings that mostly raided villages and robbed people11. The Viking that discovered Iceland was a Norwegian king named Ingolf Arnarson he discovered it in 870 A.D11. The most famous Viking was Erik the red; he murdered one of his enemies. The result for him murdering a man was he was to be exiled from Iceland for three years, he then gathered a crew and left Iceland11. He was the first person to find Greenland; he then went back to Iceland and told the other Vikings about Greenland about how it was inhabited and about the good natural resources there11.
A great event back in the 19th century, were the speech from Abraham Lincoln to declare the slaves free. But still, he didn't want them to have the same social and political rights. The situation got better for the colored people in some parts of the world, but not the same as the white people. This case repeats itself after Luther Martin King had made his famous speech “I have a dream”. The situation got better for colored people, but there was still hatred against colored people, including Sweden.